Assesment of Wal-Mart's international expansion strategy Essay

Assesment of Wal-Mart's universal extension system - Essay Example These areas where Wal-Mart has an entrenched or recently settled nearness were the result of joint endeavors, remote direct speculation for completely claimed Wal-Mart money and convey stores, and through extraordinary securing methodologies. Wal-Mart in China Wal-Mart picked a fare drove development technique in China just as outside direct speculation for completely claimed Wal-Mart stores. One of the principle purposes behind choosing this specific passage procedure is the distinction in money esteem between the Yuan and the U.S. Dollar, particularly at the hour of market passage during the 1990s before China turned into its present industrialized element. Chinese local firms, furthermore, have noteworthy credit limitations for business improvement that confines worldwide exchange exercises (Manova, Wei and Zhang 2010). Constrained credit accessibility gives Wal-Mart a huge preferred position as it can secure capital from its household operational condition (for example The United States) to perform development, improve tasks, and furthermore guarantee better obtainment of worldwide merchandise available to be purchased in China. Restricted credit accessibility in China gives Wal-Mart a noteworthy upper hand as exploration information shows that sending out or remote possessed organizations perform superior to household Chinese firms (Manova, et al). Approaching progressively capital and credit enables Wal-Mart to set lower costs as a way to beat residential firms working in indistinguishable deals industry from Wal-Mart in China. Further, Chinese shoppers are incredibly value delicate and an ongoing review demonstrated that Chinese customers think about evaluating over every other factor when purchasing stock (Suessmuth-Dyckerhoff, Hexter and St-Maurice 2008). Chinese buyer ability to abscond to another brand is critical when costs ascend by a negligible five percent (Suessmuth-Dyckerhoff, et al). Wal-Mart is an entrenched special pioneer in the United Stat es and other Westernized nations, in this manner it has a prompt favorable position in ability aptitude upon passage into a remote market. Combined with value delicate purchasers, Wal-Mart can basically move its current ordinary low-value model legitimately in the new locale without huge expenses of updating authoritative structure or administration conveyance plan. Since quite a while ago run operational cost decrease is the philosophy for entering China under direct interest in entirely claimed organizations because of ecological and social conditions in this nation. Also, Chinese shoppers become familiar with a lot about Western culture through media introduction and their own movements which has prompted an incredible interest for Western brands (Emmons 2002). This decided the fare drove system for taking residential item and flooding it into the Chinese market dependent on social segment qualities of the Chinese buyer. The high Chinese interest for U.S.- delivered items is like wise bolstered by a huge worldwide framework for obtainment needs, accordingly fulfilling spending plan identified with the gracefully chain. Besides, the world of politics in China is developing perpetually good for remote direct venture, for example, lessening the tax rates related with outside fares (Carbaugh 2009). Legislative limitations and supplemental

Calls To Action

Invitations to take action Invitations to take action Invitations to take action By Maeve Maddox A peruser ponders about the plural for an advertising term: As of late the CEO of an organization composed an email to me saying that his product would consequently create call-to-activities. I am almost certain he ought to have composed suggestions to take action. Am I right? The peruser is right. While pluralizing a compound word that contains more than one thing, the general guideline is to make the primary thing plural. For this situation, call is the primary thing. The plural is â€Å"calls to action.† The term â€Å"call to action† alludes to the piece of a promotion that prompts a buyer to act. In writings expected for perusers in the promoting business, the term is normally composed CTA. â€Å"Buy now!† and â€Å"Order now!† are common CTAs. As â€Å"call to action† doesn't have a passage in the OED, Merriam-Webster Unabridged, Collins, or the AP Stylebook, I can’t refer to one of my standard specialists regarding whether the thing structure ought to be hyphenated. My impulse is that it ought not. The view communicated in The AP Stylebook mirrors the basic demeanor among distributers: â€Å"The less hyphens the better; use them just when not utilizing them causes confusion.† A Web search isn’t much assistance in finding which formâ€hyphenated or non-hyphenatedâ€is increasingly basic with â€Å"call to action.† I found a business blog that plumps for the hyphens: invigorate, suggestions to take action, CTA, CTAs: Always hyphenate when utilized as a thing (as in â€Å"call-to-action† or â€Å"calls-to-action†) or a descriptor (as in â€Å"call-to-activity button† or â€Å"call-to-activity manager†). At whatever point conceivable, attempt to use CTA or CTAs instead of the hyphenated rendition (it’s a significant piece!). Be that as it may, the unhyphenated expression is by all accounts the favored decision in legitimate British, Australian, American, and Canadian distributions and on government destinations. â€Å"Call for action† can be comprehended without hyphens as a thing, yet it requires them when the expression is utilized as a modifier. Here are instances of both thing and descriptive word use: Each site ought to have a source of inspiration, a reaction you need clients to finish. Does Your White Paper Have a Call to Action? Plan and generateâ call-to-activity buttonsâ in minutes.â Go plant those source of inspiration expresses in your duplicate and watch your business develop. With or without hyphens, add the - s to call to make the expression plural. Related post: Compound Plurals Video Recap Need to improve your English quickly a day? Get a membership and begin getting our composing tips and activities day by day! Continue learning! Peruse the Spelling classification, check our well known posts, or pick a related post below:How Many Tenses in English?Ten Yiddish Expressions You Should KnowI wish I were...

How Long Does Nicotine Stay in Your System

How Long Does Nicotine Stay in Your System Addiction Nicotine Use After You Quit Print How Long Does Nicotine Stay in Your System? Nicotine in Your Blood, Urine, Hair, Saliva By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Armeen Poor, MD on January 30, 2020 Armeen Poor, MD, is a board-certified pulmonologist and intensivist. He specializes in pulmonary health, critical care, and sleep medicine. Learn about our Medical Review Board Armeen Poor, MD on January 30, 2020 krisanapong detraphiphat/ Getty Images More in Addiction Nicotine Use After You Quit How to Quit Smoking Nicotine Withdrawal Smoking-Related Diseases The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery In This Article Table of Contents Expand Effects Duration Detection Times Elimination Symptoms of Overdose Getting Help View All Back To Top If you are applying for a new job or looking to find life or health insurance, dont be surprised if you have to take a drug test, which may also include testing for nicotine. In fact, smoke-free hiring practices have become increasingly common. Depending on where you live, you can legally be denied a job due to your nicotine habits.?? Nicotine is a highly addictive substance that is found in all tobacco products, including cigarettes, pipes, cigars, chewing tobacco, and snuff, but many people dont realize that e-cigarettes and vapes contain nicotine as well. While nicotine is not considered a controlled substance under the Controlled Substances Act (CSA), it is illegal to sell tobacco products to anyone under the age of 18 in the United States. Some states have raised the minimum age to 21.?? Your body breaks down  nicotine  into many chemicals, including cotinine, which can also be detected in certain tests. Cotinine is only found in your body if you have processed nicotine and, in general, it stays in the body longer than nicotine itself. How Long Does Nicotine Stay in Your System? Urine: Up to four daysBlood: Up to four daysSaliva: Up to four daysHair: Up to 90 days What You Should Know About Nicotine How Long Does It Take to Feel Effects? Nicotine acts quickly in the body. When smoked, the substance enters the bloodstream and makes it to the brain within 20 seconds.?? Nicotine is a stimulant, but smokers often experience paradoxical feelings of relaxation even though the substance actually increases activity in the central nervous system. The effects of nicotine depend on how the drug is administered. Chewing or snorting nicotine-containing products can cause more of the substance to be released in the body than if it was smoked.   After its taken, people quickly experience a surge in adrenaline that has a stimulating effect on the body, increasing blood pressure and heart rate. It also increases the levels of a brain chemical called dopamine, which can improve mood and increase feelings of pleasure. How Long Does Nicotine Last? Nicotine has a half-life of about two hours. The half-life is the amount of time it takes for half of a dose to be eliminated from the body.?? When nicotine is smoked as a cigarette or other tobacco product, it is mostly absorbed into the body through the lungs. Less often, nicotine is absorbed through the membranes in the mouth and throat. If you chew tobacco or use nicotine gum, lozenges, or patches, nicotine can also be absorbed in your gastrointestinal tract or skin. Nicotine is mainly metabolized in the liver, but also in the lungs and kidneys. It is excreted mostly via urine through the kidneys, and some nicotine is excreted in feces. Nicotine can also be found in saliva and hair. As your body metabolizes nicotine, it is broken down by liver enzymes into metabolites that include cotinine.  Nicotine tests usually look for cotinine rather than for nicotine itself. There are several testing options for the detection of nicotine. Urine The amount of cotinine in your urine will vary depending on how frequently and how much you use nicotine. On average, nicotine can be detected in urine for about three days. Regular smokers may have detectable levels for as long as 15 to 20 days.?? Done at home or in a lab, results are back within 24 hours to five days. Blood Blood tests can detect nicotine as well as its metabolites including cotinine and anabasine. Nicotine itself may be present in the blood for only 48 hours, while cotinine may be detectable for up to three weeks.?? After blood is drawn in a lab, results can take from two to 10 days. Saliva Saliva tests can also be used to detect the presence of nicotine for about 24 hours. Cotinine can be detected for up to seven days after the last use or up to 14 days in heavy smokers.?? Dry mouth or excessive salivation are two issues that can sometimes pose problems with collecting a sample. A technician will swab the inside of your mouth and test oral fluids for nicotine. Results can take 24 to 72 hours. Hair As with other substances, hair follicle testing can detect the presence of nicotine for a much longer period of time. This method tends to be less common, however, because it is usually more expensive. Done at home or in a lab, the test requires the removal of a small amount of hair to be tested for repeated nicotine use over the last 90 days. Results typically take one to five days. False Positive Testing A compound called thiocyanate, which is found in some medications and foods including broccoli, garlic, radishes, almonds, and cabbage, can result in a false positive blood test result.  Vegetarians may have elevated levels of this substance in their blood due to increased consumption of thiocyanate-containing foods, which may trigger a false-positive test result. Exposure to second-hand smoke is usually not enough to trigger a false-positive result, but being exposed to frequent or very high levels of second-hand smoke may cause someone to test positive for nicotine use. Such results are likely very rare, however. Factors That Affect Detection Time How long nicotine is detectable in the body largely depends on the type of test being used. Test Type Timeframe for Nicotine Detection (Estimated, Post-Use) Urine test Two to four days Blood test Two to four days Saliva test One to four days Hair follicle test Up to 90 days Estimated is the keyword here. Since each persons body processes nicotine differently, it is nearly impossible to determine a timeframe of detection with 100% confidence. Factors that can affect how quickly your body deals with nicotine include: Age: As you get older, its more difficult for your body to excrete nicotine.Body mass: Nicotine can be stored in fatty tissue, so the more body fat you have, the longer nicotine may be detectable in your body.Hydration level: Drinking water can speed up the secretion of nicotine.Level of physical activity: Nicotine is excreted faster in individuals who are more physically active and have higher metabolisms.Type, frequency, and history of use: Nicotine accumulates in the body, so the more you use, the longer it can take to leave your body. Smoking vs. Vaping vs. Chewing How nicotine is administered may have an impact on how much of the substance is delivered. Because vaping is a relatively recent development, there has been little research to determine how it compares to smoking regular cigarettes and if it delivers the same amount of nicotine. One study that compared nicotine doses between heavy smokers and e-cigarette users found that vaping devices are effective at delivering nicotine but at slightly lower levels than regular cigarettes.??   Chew and dip tobacco products, on the other hand, contain higher levels of nicotine than regular cigarettes. The exact amount absorbed (and therefore how much needs to be eliminated) can depend on factors including the brand of tobacco, the acidity level of the product, and the amount chewed. Blood serum levels are about the same when comparing smokeless tobacco use to that of regular cigarettes.?? Regardless of the method of administration, detection rates depend largely on the amount and frequency of use. How Nicotine Affects Your Body How to Get Nicotine Out of Your System The first step in getting nicotine out of your system is to completely stop using all products that contain it. The longer you keep using tobacco products, the longer the substance can be detected in your body. Once you have stopped using nicotine, there are some steps you can take that may speed up how quickly the drug is excreted from your system. Stay hydrated. Drinking plenty of water will help remove nicotine and its metabolites from your body through urine.Eat healthily. Sticking to a nutritious diet that includes plenty of antioxidant-containing foods may speed up how quickly nicotine is removed from your system.Exercise. Regular physical activity can increase your metabolism and increase the rate at which the drug is processed and cleared from your body. You may see products and herbal supplements marketed to speed up the nicotine elimination process, but none of these have been verified or approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Symptoms of Overdose Ingesting too much nicotine can result in nicotine poisoning. Nicotine tests may also be performed in cases where nicotine poisoning is suspected. Nicotine poisoning has been on the rise with the growing use of e-cigarettes. Symptoms of nicotine poisoning can include: Excessive salivationElevated blood pressureIncrease heart rateRapid breathingSweatingNauseaVomitingStomachacheHeadacheDizzinessTremorsConfusion Most nicotine poisoning cases used to involve young children who got their hands on nicotine gum or patches. Although most cases are still in kids, adult cases are also now being reported more often due to e-cigarette use.?? A spill of electronic nicotine solution (e-juice) can cause nicotine to be absorbed into the skin, which can also lead to poisoning. Consequently, the American Association of Poison Control Centers (AAPCC) recommends the following safety tips for users of e-cigarettes: Protect your skin when handling the products.Keep e-cigarettes and liquid nicotine out of the reach of children.Follow the disposal instructions on the label.If someone has been exposed, call 1-800-222-1222 immediately. Getting Help If you are worried about whether or not nicotine will show up in a drug test, it might be the perfect time to get serious about quitting. While there are no easy, pain-free ways to kick your nicotine habit, there are plenty of resources to help you develop a solid smoking cessation plan. Because nicotine can lead to physical and psychological dependence, stopping your use of the substance can result in withdrawal. These symptoms may include: Intense nicotine cravingsFatigueHeadacheNauseaIncreased hungerPoor concentrationIrritabilityInsomniaDepressionAnxiety Such symptoms can be intense at first but decline in severity after three to five days.?? There are a number of smoking cessation treatments that can help you get through the withdrawal period and improve long-term abstinence. Nicotine-replacement therapy, such as the nicotine patch, can help you slowly reduce your nicotine intake and ease withdrawal symptoms.   Talk to your doctor for advice and assistance if you are ready to give up tobacco. You can also visit Smokefree.gov for smoking cessation programs, apps, and other resources. What to Expect From Nicotine Withdrawal

When Asia Was the World Book Analysis Essay - 1110 Words

Before this assignment I never knew anything about Asian history until I got to this class and received this assignment. I can’t believe how much Asian history influenced the way we as Americans look at history now. In Steward Gordon’s When Asia Was The World, I found the story of Xuanzang very interesting. Xuanzang was a Buddhist monk who traveled all over to learn more about Buddhism until he became confused and decided to go to the center of Buddhism, along the way he faced many difficulties, he decided to go back to China and share what he had learned. Buddhism began in India; it was founded by Siddhartha Gautama, a prince, born in Nepal. Siddhartha Gautama wandered around for awhile acting like a beggar to figure out why it was that†¦show more content†¦He left his brother and took a long journey to Chang’an to learn more about Buddhism. He stopped at many different monasteries across China. He felt like all the teachings were the same from his own monastery but their doctrines were different. Xuanzang felt confused by some of the things he had learned. This caused him to travel west to bring back books from the center of Buddhism, which is India. Throughout his journey he faced many hardships that would try to prevent him from what he was trying to do. His biggest hardship would be that he was making an illegal journey. Xuangzang traveled by night with help by other Buddhist monks. He did eventually get caught; however he got caught by another Buddhist who allowed him to continue on his journey. In the next fourteen years he became a teacher every place he went. He settled in a monastery located in the eastern Ganges valley, during that time he studied and copied scriptures and listened to oral teachings. He stayed there for five years. He then continued his journey and went elsewhere. Overall he traveled 15,000 miles within the areas of Buddhism. Xuangzang was asked by an emperor to become a high official but he declined several times and would rather stay a Buddhist monk. Xuanzang then went back home to find out his brother was still a practicing Buddhism. In Gordon’s When Asia Was The World, â€Å"Xuanzang spent the rest of his life supervising a team of translators andShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of The Central Asia Institute Three Cups Of Tea Scandal1713 Words   |  7 PagesThe Central Asia Institute â€Å"Three Cups of Tea† Scandal Introduction Public trust is the ultimate key to a successful nonprofit organization. Ethical board members must implement standards that prohibit CEOs and executive directors from taking unethical steps toward ultimate destruction of the overall organization. Greg Mortenson, the former executive director and co-founder of the Central Asia Institute made unethical decisions that made many people contributing towards the organization questionRead MoreThe Epistle Of 1st John1633 Words   |  7 Pagesto the life and ministry of Jesus. John’s authorship was not brought into question until the twentieth century. The epistles of 2nd and 3rd John add to the controversy as they are attributed to a person called â€Å"The elder† who’s identity is also unknown (see v.1 in 2nd and 3rd John). The discussion of authorship asks two basic questions in the case of the Johannine corpus, first, were the books all written by the same author and second who was that author. Comprehensive studies of both the styleRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Revelation Of The Bible 1204 Words   |  5 PagesSince the beginning of time there has been a concept as old as thought itself: how will it all end? Not just how will life end but how will the world end. 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Drawing on the experience of his own and his familys life in Tokyo and other east Asian points, he has written a paean to what he terms east Asias social miracle -- how the Asians have built modern industrial societiesRead More Business Ethics and the Global Dimensions of Business Essay1409 Words   |  6 PagesBusiness Ethics and the Global Dimensions of Business This inclusive analysis was developed after an initial consultation with the C.E.O. of XYZ Construction, Inc. where the implications of expanding the construction company into Asia were discussed. The issues to be examined are the varied aspects of implementing a global business expansion. Time wise there is market potential for this opportune endeavor. However there are potential difficulties and risk that need to be considered before an internationalRead MorePotential Merger Of Starhub And Mobile Essay1556 Words   |  7 Pagestheir brand. With the basic SWOT analysis, the advantages of the new product is clear while the potential threat to the new product is also worrying to SingTel. It is the truth in reality that SingTel needs to take the strategic change to keep its lead in the industry and some adaptations based on the analysis could also be applied in marketing plan to avoid or reduce the impact of the some threat and weakness to achieve as much advantages as possible. 2.3 TOWS Analysis Read MoreThe End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities of Our Time665 Words   |  3 PagesPoverty was originally inevitable as a result of world affairs, such as slavery, wars and battles for independence. After world affairs has settled, majority of countries recovered from their despair and hardship. Today, the worldwide rate of poverty has dropped dramatically except in sub-Saharan Africa. Jeffery D. Sachs has spent 25 years working in indigent countries of Africa in effort to understand the cause of their endeavors with extreme poverty. Sachs, then, provided an analysis of why extremeRead MoreCooper’s Creeks Export Analysis Essay1083 Words   |  5 Pagesto expand further into Asia. Three countries were chosen based on their markets, policies and importing needs for wine. The countries were analyzed based on various economic standpoints, current political situations and growth potential. The data collected has shown one country to lead the rest in major market segments as well as in advertising and distribution channels. Cooper’s Creek is to be imported to, distributed throughout and sold in South Korea. 3 Country Analysis The three countries that

Analysis Of The Movie The Fight Ends - 2435 Words

’s, and he tries to pull her away when she confesses that she wants to give up on LaMotta due to the lack of attention and affection he’s been giving her, because of that a fight breaks down between Salvy and Joey, Joey does not mention it to his brother Jake for the fear that he would physically abuse Vickie. Knowing that Jake has been having thoughts of Vickie cheating on him, instead Joey talks Jake into fighting Billy Fox for a shot at the championship title. During the fight LaMotta stops pounding Fox for the reason being too strong and could end up hurting him without any efforts, which causes him to be suspended from the board for a short while during which he realizes the mistake of his judgment and starts sobbing uncontrollably.†¦show more content†¦In 1951 LaMotta alienated from his brother, and his boxing career is on the decline, LaMotta loses his middleweight title to Robinson during their final encounter. LaMotta moves with his wife and children to Miami around the year 1956 where he opens his new nightclub spending long nights away from home while chatting up other women at his nightclub exchanging kisses and flirtatious behaviors. One night LaMotta got caught introducing two 14 year old girls to men and was arrested. Afterwards he tries and fails at bribing his way out of the case by selling the jewels on his championship belt. During that time his wife had divorced him and acquired custody of the children and a restraining order against LaMotta. After spending a year in jail regretting his actions and questioning his misfortune, LaMotta returned to New York City in 1958 where he happened to stumble upon his estranged brother and asks for forgiveness but Joey does it elusively. The movie ends with the return to the opening scene in 1964 in which Jake recites lines from a 1954 movie about needing his brother, and shouldn’t have left him and should’ve been there for him. The final screen projects with a biblical quote from John IX. 24–26, The New English Bible stating: So, for the second time, [the Pharisees] summoned the man who had been blind and said: â€Å"Speak the truth before God. We know this fellow is a sinner.† â€Å"Whether or not he is

Point paper Free Essays

A program is a series of steps to be carried out for goals to be accomplished. In other words it is the group of activities directed towards achieving defined objectives and targets. A target audience is a group of people that are targeted by business organization, advertising campaign etc. We will write a custom essay sample on Point paper or any similar topic only for you Order Now for appealing there product. Waterfront job requires well knowledge in respect of protection of ship and protection of environment. It also included as how to avoid fire danger, prevent corrosion and electrolysis, follow safe procedures during fueling etc. So handling of all these activities require well equipped knowledge with the working of waterfront. Thus, from the above points it is clear that the position of person working as a waterfront is highly technical and risky as person is always play with his life while performing any of his duties. A pilot program includes the creation and use of new business associate classification. This program helps to distinguish different class of people on the basis of certain factors. There is lots of scope in waterfront job as there is growing interest in this field and new ideas are generating everyday. The course in relation to this undertakes a long apprenticeship training which makes the person expert in his field and to face any difficult circumstances. The persons undergoing this training are in great demand due to their special feature of job and also provide them opportunity to grow big in the respective industry. It is very appealing to young peoples who are adventurous in nature and always ready to take the risk. The job provides lots of scope for promotion in their field to members. If a person wants to grow his position into big and great, waterfront job provide a lot opportunity to achieve the target. The person holding the position as waterfront is in great demand due to function performed by Waterfront fitness Specialist working with various ships is to provide fitness assistance for physical program. As stated in the question that less persons are going on training under this area. His indicates that the job is not much focused or paid attention but takes in him immense scope for attracting more and more person for training. The sum of money received in this job is very handsome due to its risky behavior but this special feature helps to increase the people for training. The position of waterfront is earlier seen in west coast but in recent days east coast are also actively involved for training position. The people are more and more becoming aware of the advantage of score in respective field comes to undergo training. The person acting as a trainer to attract more and more individuals in this job around the world a person is needed a four year degree from authorized university with a major in exercise physiology, physical education or related field. Must possess current fitness certification like (American College Sports Medicine (ACSM), Cooper Institute of Aerobic Research, National Strength and Conditioning Association, American Exercise Council (ACE) or other nationally recognizing certifying agencies. In depth knowledge of the principles of training to be imparted is needed. Ability to perform maintenance and minor repairs of fitness equipment are extensive oral and written communication skills. There is lot of scope of this course in university and colleges as young peoples study there and always willing to take risk at any cost. The money in this job is quite handsome; this will drag the attention of students. Therefore it is very successful to launch this internship program in the universities due to fresh environment and enthusiastic manner. The internship program time period is very long and very deep practical knowledge is imparted to the persons. With this training they become quite confident to take their task in effective manner. Thus, it is easily conclude that initiating of training program in universities and colleges is quite successful by dragging attention of maximum numbers of person for training. Generally the company imparting internship program hire the same persons whom they provide training by providing effective job according to their area of interest. So they trainer can tap the resources from local universities and colleges by set up an internship program in the campus of university and hiring them for job increase the personnel in the respective field. With the internship program it is possible to appoint individuals after their program is completed and put qualified individuals on the areas and ships. The students completed their graduation can opt for this training at their own campus and after depositing the specified fees. The providing of training at university and college campus is very intelligent decision to tap the young talent in this field which is emerging field. This provides immense help to students who doesn’t know a bit about this training and course, so it is very convenient for them to take deep knowledge of the course. Therefore, the above mentioned program is immensely helpful to the entire newcomer trying to take any such internship training or program. The success is guaranteed of providing training to students by trainer by its unique feature and freshness of the job. So the decision to impart training for waterfront job is very correct and very successful. REFRENCE Referred to sites:- 1.   http://www.baycrossings.com/Archives/2001/10_November/working_waterfront.htmWorking   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Waterfront Dated 19th September 2007 How to cite Point paper, Essay examples

Information Security for Authentication- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theInformation Securityfor Biometric Authentication. Answer: Relevant Technologies in Biometric Authentication The idea of biometric authentication is associated with an array of technologies that are either applicable or have already been applied in biometric authentication. One such technology is the finger print authentication technology, which involves either vision based pattern matching or detection of minutiae. Critical to the discussion is the fact that Gaur, Shah, and Thakker (2012) reveal that the technology relies on concepts such as the ultrasonic method, the thermal technique, capacitive sensors, and optical techniques. Another biometric technology is the facial recognition system, which recognizes of a persons face from a digital image or recording. Like the fingerprint technology, the facial recognition technology relies on other concepts. Specifically, the technology relies on either the 2D or the 3D facial recognition concept in addition to the mapping of specific features such as the length of the jaw, nose width, and the distance between eyes. Iris recognition relies on the uniqueness of every persons iris for authentication. The technology may involve image segmentation, matching, acquisition, and localization. Another technology is the hand geometry and palm print, which utilizes features such as the length, width, and hand patterns for authentication (Deka, and Bakshi, 2015). Analogously, the hand vein-pattern recognition falls in the category of biometric systems and relies on image collected from the veins of an individuals hand for recognition and authentication. Another technology is retina recognition, which relies on the patterns of blood vessels that are visible and unique in every persons eye. It is notable that the technology in question relies on an infrared light, the acquisition, matching, and presenting the outcome in form of a template. The last technology is the palm print and hand geometry recognition technology that relies on features such as the width and finger length, perimeter, and diameter of the p alm for recognition (In Information Resources Management Association, 2016). Applications of the Technologies For instance, the government is known to record the details of every individual within her authority in order to provide services to those individuals. As a result, citizens and tourists are always forced to carry identification documents because it is almost impossible to access certain services without the mentioned documents. This is a disadvantage because identification documents are always misplaced or forgotten unexpectedly. Regardless, the emergence of biometric systems of authentication could provide a solution to the problem in question. This owes to the reality that biometric systems of identification could identify an individual based on the natural traits. For instance, the fingerprint biometric system requires and individuals fingerprints to authenticate whether a person is who he/she claims to be. It follows that the government could benefit from implementing biometric authentication because the system will eliminate the use of identification documents. Commercial organizations could also benefit from biometric authentication if the technology is applied appropriately. For instance, mobile phone manufacturers could implement biometric authentication in place of the traditional passwords used for mobile phone encryption. As evidenced, Trewin, Swart, Koved, Martino, Singh, and Ben-David (2012) reveal that biometric systems of authentication are memorable and fast to use than traditional passwords. The same authors also reveal that the technology ensures that only the user can use the mobile phone for improved security. In a different study, Jaina, Nandakumar, and Ross (2016) reveal that forensic experts could use biometric technology. Specifically, the authors argue that the technology could be used to collect evidence for analysis and provide the analyzed evidence before a court of law. In short, biometric authentication could be applied in forensics, commercial areas, and government agencies. Vague Areas of Biometric Authentication Apparently, biometric authentication promises improvements in technology because it improves on the current mode of authentication. The technology is vague in certain aspects, which hampers its rapid development. Specifically, the technology is vague in some legal aspects such as the difference between personal data and sensitive data. This owes to the reality that use of biometric templates results in storage of data that is not required in the authentication system. It follows that some practitioners scare from implementing the technology citing that the technology is legally vague. Further, the accuracy of biometric authentication is in question because studies reveal that biometric authentication is insecure (Naveed, and Batool, 2015). Moreover, the security concerns associated with biometric issues raise eyebrows on whether the technology is safe for human consumption. It follows that studies should be conducted to clear such issues before the technology can be fully embraced. Research Questions Evidently, biometric authentication offers some promising prospects in technology, but implementation of the technology is currently hampered by vagueness in the technology and calls for research on the following questions. Can biometric system of authentication be restricted to the collection of data that is required for authentication? Can the accuracy of biometric systems of technology be improved? Can the security of biometric systems be improved? References Doshi, A., and Nirgude, M. (2015). Biometric Recognition Techniques. International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Networking, Wireless and Mobile Communications, 2(1): 143-152 Deka, G. C., and Bakshi, S. (2015). Handbook of Research on Securing Cloud-Based Databases with Biometric Applications. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference In Information Resources Management Association. (2016).Biometrics: Concepts, methodologies, tools, and applications. Hershey: Information Science Reference Jaina, K. A., Nandakumar, K., and Ross A. (2016). 50 years of biometric research: Accomplishments, challenges, and opportunities. Pattern Recognition Letters, 79: 80105. Retrieved from https://biometrics.cse.msu.edu/Publications/GeneralBiometrics/JainNandakumarRoss_50Years_PRL2016.pdf Naveed, G., and Batool, R. (2015). Biometric Authentication in Cloud Computing. Journal of Biometrics and Biostatistics, 6(5): 1-3. Retrieved from https://www.omicsonline.org/open-access/biometric-authentication-in-cloud-computing-2155-6180-1000258.pdf Trewin, S., Swart, C. Koved, L., Martino, J., Singh, K., and Ben-David, S. (2012). Biometric Authentication on a Mobile Device: A Study of User Effort, Error, and Task Disruption. Retrieved from https://researcher.ibm.com/researcher/files/us-kapil/ACSAC12.pdf

Dunkin Donuts in Saudi Arabia

The following report is a part of a project that also includes presentation, and the purpose of this report is to support the presentation with some key financial information and a comprehensive company analysis of a foreign company that has recently entered the Saudi Arabian market and now operates in Saudi Arabia.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Dunkin Donuts in Saudi Arabia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As more companies from the United States enter the Middle Eastern markets, the impact of the divergent cultural climate has certain and financial effects on these companies. The following report will highlight the experience of the Dunkin Donuts Company, which set up a franchise operation in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia in 2009. This report will include the following sections: A detailed discussion of the parent company background, including its history and strategic objectives. The report will highlight the incent ives that encouraged the Dunkin Donuts Company to choose the Saudi Arabian market to invest in. This report will also provide an overview of the Dunkin Donuts franchise model. As a franchised company in Saudi Arabia, this report will look at some of the main problems that have been faced by the company when they tried to enter the Saudi market, including cultural difficulties. This report will provide comprehensive financial information about the Dunkin Donuts Company in Saudi Arabia, including the following: How many branches it has in Saudi Arabia, how many employees work for the company, the revenueand net income for the company, and the products that it currently sells. The following report also discusses the current Dunkin Donuts Company strategy and core competence? It will also offer insight into the main competitors of Dunkin Donuts in Saudi Arabia. The report also discusses the main reasons why the Dunkin Donuts Company prefers to use the franchising model to operate its bu siness in Saudi Arabia, particularly considering the other modes of entry to the Saudi Arabian market such as joint ventures and direct investment.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The report will highlight the pros and cons of franchising in general as well as why this model was chosen for the Saudi Arabian market. The report also discusses the cultural issues that Dunkin Donuts Saudi Arabia is concerned with. The laws and customs of Saudi Arabia are vastly different from those found in the parent company’s home territory of the United States. The report will highlight the effect of the separation between male and female customers and the effect of closing the stores during prayer time. The report will discuss the costs associated with meeting these and other cultural and religious requirements in order to operate in the Saudi Arabian market. The report details what the Dunkin Donuts Company can do in Saudi Arabia to increase its market share and best its competitors, both local and international. The effects of rules and regulations are also discussed in this report, specifically the impact of the Saudization Law on the Company’s hiring policies. This law compels companies to employ local Saudis through enforced legislation, according to a certain percentage depending on the company’s revenue and activity. In the case of Dunkin Donuts, the employee sales force should not be comprised of less than 30 percent of Saudi Arabian citizens. The report will discuss the financial impact of this legislation on the company’s profits. It will also detail how many Saudi Arabian people work for the Dunkin Donuts Company in Saudi Arabia, and whether or not this law increases Dunkin Donuts’ operating expenses because Saudi Arabian employees have minimum wage level that is 3000 Saudi Riyals.Advertising We will write a custom re port sample on Dunkin Donuts in Saudi Arabia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Finally, the report will highlight the company’s plan for future growth, including other Middle Eastern countries that the company intends to expand into in the coming months and years. Dunkin Donuts in Saudi Arabia Business Summary Dunkin Donuts (NASDAQ: DNKN) is a quick service restaurant chain based in the United States. This company competes mainly in the breakfast beverage category and sells coffee and breakfast pastries such as donuts, bagels and muffins. Dunkin Donuts is owned by the Dunkin’ Brands Group, Inc. (NASDAQ: DNKN). This parent company of Dunkin’ Donuts (DD) also owns Baskin-Robbins (BR), an international vendor of ice cream and desserts. Dunkin Brands is a global leader both by sales volume and revenue in the quick service restaurant category (â€Å"Dunkin Brands Celebrates the Opening of its 15,000th Store† par. 5). In 2009, the company opened its 15,000th store, and has expanded globally to count a number of stores in the Middle East, including Dunkin Donuts in Seeb Cornich in Oman, and Dunkin Donuts at the Bawadi Mall in Al Ain City, the United Arab Emirates (â€Å"Dunkin Brands Celebrates the Opening of its 15,000th Store† par. 5). In Saudi Arabia, Dunkin Donuts operates two branches in Jeddah: one on Rawdah Street and one on Corniche Street ((â€Å"Dunkin Brands Celebrates the Opening of its 15,000th Store† par. 5; â€Å"Dunkin Donuts† par.1). There is also a Dunkin Donuts location on the Khurais Road in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia (â€Å"Dunkin Brands Celebrates the Opening of its 15,000th Store† par. 5; â€Å"Dunkin Donuts† par.1). The Dunkin Brands Franchise Model Dunkin Brands operates â€Å"16,800 points of distribution in 58 countries† via the Dunkin Donuts and Baskin Robbins quick service restaurant franchises (â€Å"Dunkin Donuts 2011 Annual Report† 11).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Dunkin Brands runs a nearly 100 percent franchised business model, similar to other successful quick service restaurant brands such as Subway and Domino’s Pizza (â€Å"Dunkin Donuts 2011 Annual Report† 11). This model has served the company well and continues to provide â€Å"strategic and financial benefits† to the company and its shareholders (â€Å"Dunkin Donuts 2011 Annual Report† 11). One of the principal benefits of the franchise model is that the reduction in operations cost. Since the company does not directly operate or oversee a large number of outlets, the business can shift its focus to â€Å"menu innovation, marketing, franchisee coaching and support, and other initiatives to drive the overall success of our brand† (â€Å"Dunkin Donuts 2011 Annual Report† 11). From a financial perspective, the franchise model facilitates rapid growth at low cost, as it allows the company to â€Å"grow our points of distribution and brand re cognition with limited capital investment by us† (â€Å"Dunkin Donuts 2011 Annual Report† 11). The franchise model also presents limited risk to the parent company, since the risk is borne by the franchise owner (â€Å"DunkinDonuts 2011 Annual Report† 11). Dunkin Brands’ franchise model underpins much of the company’s success (â€Å"Dunkin Donuts 2011 Annual Report† 11). The franchise model facilitates rapid expansion with minimal risk to the parent company (â€Å"Dunkin Donuts 2011 Annual Report† 11). If the franchisee succeeds, so does the parent entity (â€Å"Dunkin Donuts 2011 Annual Report† 11). However, if the franchise owner fails in his or her endeavour, the parent company simply moves on (â€Å"Dunkin Donuts 2011 Annual Report† 11). The growth strategy of the Dunkin Donuts brand will be highlighted later on in this report under the section Growth Strategy. Dunkin Donuts Business Segments The Dunkin Brands Company runs its business under the auspices of four business segments. These include the following: â€Å"Dunkin’ Donuts U.S., Dunkin’ Donuts International, Baskin-Robbins International and Baskin-Robbins U.S.† (â€Å"Dunkin Donuts 2011 Annual Report† 11). According to the Dunkin Brands 2011 Annual Report, the combined revenue generated by this quartet of business units was 603.3 million USD (â€Å"Dunkin Donuts 2011 Annual Report† 11). In 2011, the Dunkin’ Donuts stores collectively earned $453.0 million USD, which amounted to 75 of the company’s total segment revenues (â€Å"Dunkin Donuts 2011 Annual Report† 11). Within this breakdown, $437.7 million was generated in the U.S. segment of the business, while $15.3 million originated in the international segment, such as businesses in Saudi Arabia and the rest of the Middle East (â€Å"Dunkin Donuts 2011 Annual Report† 11). Also in 2011, the Baskin-Robbins arm of the business e arned profits of $150.3 million USD; $108.6 million USD came from the international segment, while $41.7 million USD came from the segment based in the United States (â€Å"Dunkin Donuts 2011 Annual Report† 11). Dunkin Donuts Points of Distribution According to the Dunkin Brands Annual Report, 10,083 Dunkin’ Donuts points of distribution existed globally speaking up to and including December 31, 2011 (â€Å"Dunkin Donuts 2011 Annual Report† 11). Of these outlets, 7,015 existed in the United States, while 3,068 were located in international locations (â€Å"Dunkin Donuts 2011 Annual Report† 11). In addition, the company operated 6,711 Baskin-Robbins points of distribution; of these, 4,254 locations were found in the international markets, while 2,457 existed in the United States markets. There are several different types of Dunkin Brands points of distribution. These include â€Å"traditional end-cap, in-line and stand-alone restaurants, many with drive t hrus, and gas and convenience locations, as well as alternative points of distribution†¦such as full- or self-service kiosks in grocery stores, hospitals, airports, offices, colleges and other smaller-footprint properties† (â€Å"Dunkin Donuts 2011 Annual Report† 11). Dunkin Brands Revenue Generation The Dunkin Brands Company produces its revenue from four main sources (â€Å"Dunkin Donuts 2011 Annual Report† 11). These include the following: Royalties and other fees that the company earns from its franchised restaurants (â€Å"Dunkin Donuts 2011 Annual Report† 11) Money derived from rental fees on the restaurant properties that Dunkin Brands gives to its franchisees, either through leases or subleases (â€Å"Dunkin Donuts 2011 Annual Report† 11) Profit from the sales of ice cream and ice cream foodstuffs to the Dunkin Brands franchisees located in specific international venues (â€Å"Dunkin Donuts 2011 Annual Report† 11) Miscellaneous fees and other forms of money earned via licensing charges for the use of the Dunkin’ Donuts logo and brand collateral (â€Å"Dunkin Donuts 2011 Annual Report† 11). This income is derived from the brand’s products that it sells in â€Å"non-franchised outlets† (â€Å"Dunkin Donuts 2011 Annual Report† 11). An example is the packages of Dunkin Donuts ground coffee that is available in certain retail outlets in the United States and internationally (â€Å"Dunkin Donuts 2011 Annual Report† 11) Fees derived from the issuing of rights licenses (â€Å"Dunkin Donuts 2011 Annual Report† 11). This income is earned when the company gives a third party the right to â€Å"manufacture Baskin-Robbins ice cream and related products sold to U.S. franchisees† (â€Å"Dunkin Donuts 2011 Annual Report† 11) Other revenue, including transfer fees, money earned when an outlet refranchises, income derived the stores that company owns and operate s, and training fees garnered from distance education courses that the company operates (â€Å"Dunkin Donuts 2011 Annual Report† 11) The modern franchise model has demonstrated significant and sustained growth since it was introduced in the United States in the 1950s from the Singer Corporation’s sewing machine distribution growth strategy (Eser, McCuddy and Pinar 101). Global brands including Domino’s Pizza, McDonald’s, Holiday Inn, Coca-Cola, Dunkin’ Donuts, Midas Mufflers and Pizza Hut have utilized the franchise system with great success and attribute much of their growth to this system (Eser, McCuddy and Pinar 101). As Eser, McCuddy and Pinar note, due to â€Å"recent domestic and global growth, franchising has become a major channel in retail marketing, exerting a significant impact upon consumer buying decisions [and] the major business sectors for growth globally are reported to be in the restaurant and fast food industry (p. 101). The fr anchising model is seen as transportable; it allows essentially any brand or business to enter new markets and acclimatize to a number of disparate cultures and business regulatory environments anywhere in the world quickly and with a minimum investment on the part of the parent company (Eser, McCuddy and Pinar 102). In the case of the Dunkin Donuts brand, Saudi Arabia represents only one of the many countries the world over that has embraced the ubiquitous donut and coffee vendor. However, franchisors are not guaranteed immediate success in the franchise model, and franchisors in the Middle East have struggled with cultural clashes and regulatory issues, which will be covered in the sections Cultural Concerns and Saudization Law respectively. Dunkin Donuts Company History The Dunkin Brands are both well-established American brands that originate from the prosperous period that the United States entered into after the completion of the Second World War. The first Dunkin Donuts resta urant was founded in the 1940s by entrepreneur Bill Rosenberg (â€Å"Dunkin Donuts 2011 Annual Report† 12). Baskin and Robbins was founded by Burt Baskin and Irv Robbins during the same period of history when the two ice cream vendors decided to merge and formed Baskin-Robbins (â€Å"Dunkin Donuts 2011 Annual Report† 12). The two brands Baskin-Robbins and Dunkin’ Donuts were both acquired by Allied Domecq PLC: Baskin-Robbins was acquired in 1973, and Dunkin Donuts in 1989 (â€Å"Dunkin Donuts 2011 Annual Report† 12). In 2004, the brands were reorganized under the auspices of the Allied Domecq Quick Service Restaurants subsidiary; the subsidiary was subsequently rebranded as Dunkin’ Brands, Inc. in 2004 (â€Å"Dunkin Donuts 2011 Annual Report† 12). In 2005, the Allied Domecq parent company was acquired by Pernod Ricard S.A. (â€Å"Dunkin Donuts 2011 Annual Report† 12). Shortly thereafter, the new parent company then divested Dunkinâ₠¬â„¢ Brands as part of its strategic plan to concentrate on the spirits industry (â€Å"Dunkin Donuts 2011 Annual Report† 12). After the divestiture, Dunkin Brands was acquired by a group of investors – Bain Capital Partners, LLC, The Carlyle Group and Thomas H. Lee Partners, L.P. – and the company was rebranded as the Dunkin’ Brands Group, Inc. in 2006 (â€Å"Dunkin Donuts 2011 Annual Report† 12). Initial Public Offering The Dunkin’ Brands Group, Inc. started on the road to becoming a public company in 2011. In July of that year, the Dunkin’ Brands Group, Inc. â€Å"issued and sold 22,250,000 shares of common stock and certain of our stockholders sold 3,337,500 shares of common stock at a price of $19.00 per share in our initial public offering† (â€Å"Dunkin Donuts 2011 Annual Report† 12). Following the Initial Public Offering, the stock listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market as â€Å"DNKN.† (â€Å"Dunkin Do nuts 2011 Annual Report† 12). According to the Wall Street Journal, the Dunkin Brands Group now boasts a value on the NASDAQ stock market of $2.4 billion USD (Ovide n.p.). These figures are derived from the company’s initial public offering share price of $19 per share (Ovide n.p.). Dunkin Brands Future Prospects The Dunkin Brands Company’s primary competitive advantages are its strong brand name and ability to expand quickly and relatively cheaply into the global quick service restaurant market thanks to the franchise model of business. In this regard, the company shares many similarities with the quick service restaurant chain Subway, Subway boasts an aggressive and rapid expansion mandate and earns over $15 billion in revenue every year. Now that the brand giant McDonalds has entered into the coffee market, Dunkin Donuts will face stiff competition from this brand, both domestically and internationally. Other key competitors that Dunkin Donuts will face in the Saudi Arabian market include Krispy Kreme According to Euromonitor International, the main competitors for the Dunkin Donuts brand in the fast food market in Saudi Arabia include Herfy, Krispy Kreme, McDonald’s, Burger King and Yum! Brands, the parent company of KFC (â€Å"Country Report: Fast Food in Saudi Arabia† par. 10). According to the report issued by Euromonitor International in 2011, the growth in fast food sales in Saudi Arabia continued to be derived from the aforementioned global fast food brands, and â€Å"all gained share thanks to strong advertising support and frequent price promotions† (â€Å"Country Report: Fast Food in Saudi Arabia† par. 10). The top four brands did not include Dunkin Donuts, but did include direct competitor Krispy Kreme (â€Å"Country Report: Fast Food in Saudi Arabia† par. 10). Whether or not the Saudi Arabian Dunkin Donut stores will be able to best Krispy Kreme sales in the Saudi Arabian market in the comin g years remains to be seen. According to Euromonitor International, fast food customers in Saudi Arabia were also favoring â€Å"western concepts in burger fast food and chicken fast food. Overall, these brands gained almost a percentage point in chained value share in 2010 over the previous year to reach a combined 31% share in fast food† (â€Å"Country Report: Fast Food in Saudi Arabia† par. 10). Saudi Arabia Fast Food Market Information According to a report from Gulf News, Saudi Arabia fast food consumers eat around 75 per cent of the total amount of fast food products consumed in the Gulf fast food markets (n.p.). This whopping volume of consumption in the Saudi Arabian fast food sector has developed quickly in the Gulf region in recent years, according to a study conducted by the Gulf Organisation for Industrial Consulting (Gulf News n.p.). The growth of the fast food sector has been largely attributed to â€Å"lifestyle changes and the spread of Western trendsà ¢â‚¬  (Gulf News n.p.). In 2008 there were 60 fast food outlets in the Gulf region, according to Gulf News, and 29 of these operations were located in Saudi Arabia (n.p.). Booming foreign investment and franchise activity in the fast food sector has been stimulated by the â€Å"overwhelming consumption of fast food, especially by Saudi youth† (n.p.). Gulf News also indicated the United Arab Emirates was second to Saudi Arabia in terms of fast food intake, with an investment of nearly $11 million USD in the fast food industry as of 2008 (n.p.). Dunkin Donuts is one of many global fast foods brands that have set up operations in Saudi Arabia in recent years. Dunkin Donuts has done particularly well in Riyadh and Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, where it operates three stores as of 2012 (Gulf News n.p.). In 2007, the Al-Watan newspaper reported the results of a survey conducted amongst several schools in Jeddah by researchers from the King Abdul-Aziz University department of medicine whic h demonstrated that over 80 percent of the students at the schools ate fast food (Gulf News n.p.). Similarly, the King Abdul-Aziz University researchers conducted a survey into the eating habits of the teachers at these same schools in Jeddah and discovered that over 60 percent of them also ate fast food on a regular basis (Gulf News n.p.). Since then, other studies have demonstrated that a huge appetite for fast food exists in the Middle Eastern market and that it is definitely growing with each successive generation. The Saudi Arabian market is ripe for fast food outlets, according to information gleaned by Euromonitor International, a market research firm that offers strategic global business information and analysis of current and future market conditions (Arab News par. 4). The Saudi Arabian fast food market for brands such as Dunkin Donuts is anticipated to grow to $4.5 billion USD over the course of the next three years (Arab News par. 4). Much of this growth will be fueled b y the large percentage of the Saudi Demographic that is under the age of 25. According to Michael Schaefer, the chief researcher in consumer food service at Euromonitor International, brands such as Dunkin Donuts fulfill a social need as well as a practical need: Fast food outlets have become important social spaces for a growing cohort of Saudi young people. Future expansion will be driven by those operators which offer a combination of indulgence and inviting, comfortable outlets, with hamburgers, ice cream, and sweet baked goods all in high demand (Arab News par. 7) Fast food chains have recognized the opportunity. The research firm Euromonitor International anticipates that fast food chains will spearhead and reap most of the benefits from this projected growth (â€Å"Country Report: Fast Food in Saudi Arabia† par. 7). Fast food chain operators and global brand franchises such as Dunkin Donuts are â€Å"projected to account for nearly 20 percent of Saudi foodservice tran sactions by 2015† (â€Å"Country Report: Fast Food in Saudi Arabia† par. 7). However, the growth of Dunkin Donuts in Saudi Arabia may be tempered by the concern for the cultural influences of Western brands as well as the concern voiced from the healthy eating lobby in the Middle Eastern countries where global fast food brands have taken up residence. According to Arab News, Sami A. Al-Nwaisir, the chairman the ALSAMI Holding Group in Saudi Arabia, has expressed dismay at the rise of the fast food culture in his country: The food market including restaurants in all types and fast foods are growing exponentially as some estimated to be in the range of 20 percent for food transactions. This is due to the fact as we have more than 50 percent of the population is under the age of 25†¦ Part of the world globalization epidemic is to be effected by spread of consumption especially toward fast food if one country sneezes the rest of the world will catch a cold so the effec t is spreading worldwide as well (Arab News par. 8). Dunkin Donuts and other fast food brands that are entering the Saudi Arabian market have a social impact as well as a financial and health impact, according to Sami A. Al-Nwaisir (Arab News par. 8). In Saudi Arabia, the social environments available to young people remain quite limited and the concern is that their health will deteriorate as a result of spending more time in fast food outlets for social reasons including recreation, meeting friends and spending time with peers (Arab News par. 8). As Sami A. Al-Nwaisir notes, â€Å"I have no problem with the issues of consumers’ choices but we need to create a culture of awareness about the pros and cons about these newly trends so we can start from where others end by media awareness and social responsibilities† (Arab News par. 8). However, despite these concerns, the research conducted into the fast food market in Saudi Arabia in 2011 by Euromonitor International re vealed several favorable social and economic trends that would support continued growth in the fast food sector (â€Å"Country Report: Fast Food in Saudi Arabia† par. 7). These trends were noticed primarily in the way that workers spend their mealtimes: There was a marked rise in lunchtime fast food sales towards the end of the review period. The economy of Saudi Arabia is changing, with workers working for longer hours and a growing number of expatriate workers. Consequently, there was a shift away from traditional extended lunches. A growing number of workers thus opted for fast food for their lunch, with the leading brands in fast food viewed as providing swift service and reliable quality† (â€Å"Country Report: Fast Food in Saudi Arabia† par. 7). Thus, while the Saudi Arabian culture may worry for its youth, the economy itself appears to be transforming into a more Westernized version, wherein workers have little time for meals and so become more and more at tracted to quick service restaurant chains which offer fast food at minimal cost (â€Å"Country Report: Fast Food in Saudi Arabia† par. 7). Dunkin Donuts is perfectly poised to take full advantage of this trend in the coming years. Cultural Concerns The Dunkin Donuts franchise in Saudi Arabia has encountered some cultural difficulties, primarily in the area of concern for the preservation of the Saudi Arabian culture as well as perceived discrimination against women. As Sami A. Al-Nwaisir notes, there is a need to â€Å"create stringent rules and regulations to protect consumers and advocate their rights otherwise we will find ourselves in cowboy mentality and our culture will become only for consumption rather than for production† (Arab News par. 8). The desire to protect the Saudi Arabian culture from the Western influences and also allow Saudi Arabian entrepreneurs access to the market in ways other than through purchasing Western franchises is also top of mind for many people in the Saudi Arabian food service markets (Arab News par. 8) The Saudi Arabian culture enforces strict codes that separate males and females in public, even when they are married, which does not sit well with visitors from other countries, particularly those who expect an American cultural climate when they enter the store. In recent years, the Dunkin Donuts stores in Jeddah have found themselves in controversial and adversarial stances with customers due to the enforcement of the Saudi Arabian codes of conduct between the genders. One customer’s experience is outlined herein: We visited the Dunkin Doughnuts on Rawdah Street and the one off of Corniche and were very happy with our doughnuts, but displeased with the service. We will not be going back. Both appear to have very sizable family sections upstairs, but at both locations we were told that they did not have a family section. At Rawdah, we thought maybe the family section was closed, or it was a slow shop a nd the upstairs was being used for storage or something along that line. No problem, we left and ate in the car. At Corniche we inquired further, because this was the second Dunkin Doughnuts we had been to with a deceptive family section. We were informed that I was not allowed to sit with my husband and daughter and enjoy our purchased treats in an empty restaurant with two floors. Being an American woman in Saudi Arabia I honestly expected to run into this discrimination a lot more, but this was the first place in over six months living here that I was not allowed to eat in (â€Å"Dunkin Donuts† par.3). This customer had an expectation of the Saudi Arabian franchise based on her experience of the brand in the United States: The ironic thing is that Dunkin Doughnuts is a very American chain, and that half the doughnuts they have are pink or have smile faces on them. I don’t think a lot of 35 year old Saudi men are in there eating these feminine and childish looking do ughnuts. It is amazing and disgusting to me that Dunkin Doughnuts alienates two thirds of the population by not letting them have a seat in a private restaurant (â€Å"Dunkin Donuts† par.3) The franchise model sometimes encounters problems when an American brand expands into a foreign country with divergent cultural practices. The Middle East is a prime example of this phenomenon. The Saudi Arabian society is a culture run by â€Å"stark moral choices in which liberal-minded Westerners have rarely felt entirely comfortable† (â€Å"Turning back the tide† 23). The globalization spearheaded by brands such as Dunkin Donuts that base their growth strategy on the franchise model therefore often present a quandary for a conservative culture such as Saudi Arabia. This occurs because a trade off occurs when a conservative society allows a business built in a liberal society to interact with its people. While the economic benefits seem clear for all to see, from the vast shopping complexes under construction in Riyadh to the huge variety of exotic foodstuffs, clothes and electronic gadgets on offer in the market stalls of downtown Jeddah†¦it is a world order that respects hard cash, not cultural or political boundaries† (â€Å"Turning back the tide† 23) Saudization Percentage In 2011, the labor ministry in Saudi Arabia announced a comprehensive program of regulations designed to create more job opportunities for Saudi Arabian citizens, especially females (â€Å"Labor Ministry Outlines Saudization Percentage† n.p.). According to Arab News, the unemployment rate among Saudi Arabian citizens remains high, at 10 percent, and this figure jumps to 30 percent among Saudi Arabian women (â€Å"Labor Ministry Outlines Saudization Percentage† n.p.). Due to the strict cultural codes that enforce barriers between males and females, many jobs are not open to females – especially jobs where they will come into contact with ma les – and this causes problems for franchise fast food brands such as Dunkin Donuts who find themselves severely limited in their hiring practices. According to the Arab News, the labor ministry is taking steps through this legislation to address the employment needs of females in the region: The Riyadh Chamber of Commerce and Industry ordered the immediate Saudization of shops selling women’s clothing, including abayas and lingerie. All saleswomen should be Saudis and the working time should be as per the ministry’s regulations. There should be exclusive working zones for women, the order said (â€Å"Labor Ministry Outlines Saudization Percentage† n.p.). The Saudization percentage affects different industries according to how many employees they have (â€Å"Labor Ministry Outlines Saudization Percentage† n.p.). Commercial establishments such as quick service fast food restaurants must adhere to a â€Å"19 percent Saudization quota — meanin g 19 out of 100 employees must be Saudis† (â€Å"Labor Ministry Outlines Saudization Percentage† n.p.). Public schools, media outlets and insurance companies will also be legislate to follow the 19 percent quota also (â€Å"Labor Ministry Outlines Saudization Percentage† n.p.). For banks and other large organizations that employ more than 500 individuals, the minimum percentage of Saudi Arabian employees must be 49 percent (â€Å"Labor Ministry Outlines Saudization Percentage† n.p.). A report issued by the Saudi Commission for Tourism and Antiquities (SCTA) in 2010 stated that the â€Å"Saudization of jobs in the tourism sector, [particularly in]†¦ the restaurant and cafà © sector, accounted for 52 percent of the total† increase in jobs for Saudi Arabians, which jumped from 10 percent to 26 percent in 2010 (Fakkar n.p.). The restaurant industry and cafeteria sector is also expected to create 307,000 more jobs for Saudi Arabian citizens between 2012 and 2014 (Fakkar n.p.). Fast food chains such as Dunkin Donuts may contribute to this number, although it remains unclear how this gains will help unemployed Saudi Arabian women (Fakkar n.p.; â€Å"Labor Ministry Outlines Saudization Percentage† n.p.) Fast Food Industry Context According to Euromonitor International, the industry context of fast food in Saudi Arabia is poised to benefit significantly from the following trends in 2012: Robust growth that diminishes only at the end of the quarter (â€Å"Country Report: Fast Food in Saudi Arabia† par. 7) Saudi Arabian consumers continued to be attracted to brands (â€Å"Country Report: Fast Food in Saudi Arabia† par. 7). Niche sales bolstered by powerful and global fast food brands (â€Å"Country Report: Fast Food in Saudi Arabia† par. 7). Global fast food quick service restaurant chains will continue to acquire market share in 2012 (â€Å"Country Report: Fast Food in Saudi Arabia† par. 7). A b oost in the fast food market growth is predicted for 2012 (â€Å"Country Report: Fast Food in Saudi Arabia† par. 7). A boost in economic growth is also anticipated, and this will be mitigates only by high inflation (â€Å"Country Report: Fast Food in Saudi Arabia† par. 7). The large youth population in Saudi Arabia is anticipated to fuel growth (â€Å"Country Report: Fast Food in Saudi Arabia† par. 7). Also anticipated growth due to the perception among Saudi Arabian consumers that â€Å"eating out is entertainment† (â€Å"Country Report: Fast Food in Saudi Arabia† par. 7). The one threat to market share that may affect Dunkin Donuts in Saudi Arabia is that consumers are developing more awareness of the health risks associated with consuming fast food on a regular basis, including obesity, diabetes and heart disease (â€Å"Country Report: Fast Food in Saudi Arabia† par. 7). This may cause Dunkin Donuts to lose market share to competitors su ch as Subway which offer healthier menu items such as salads and other low fat alternatives. Growth Strategy Dunkin’ Brands intends to maintain its current pace of steady growth over the coming years. The company’s strategic growth strategy â€Å"includes expanding in existing markets while entering new cities throughout the world† (â€Å"Dunkin Brands Celebrates the Opening of its 15,000th Store† par. 5). Dunkin’ Brands Group, Inc. has developed a growth strategy targeting the international markets and developing markets in the Middle East. According to the 2011 Annual Report, the company intends to â€Å"grow in our existing core markets† (Dunkin Donuts 2011 Annual Report 15). The growth strategy of the two brands – Dunkin Donuts and Baskin Robbins – is focused mainly in the Middle East and parts of Asia, which the company considers to be areas of high growth potential, and the company is confident that the market will develo p (â€Å"Dunkin Donuts 2011 Annual Report† 15). The plan for the Dunkin’ Donuts brand is to â€Å"focus on growth in South Korea and the Middle East, where we currently have 857 and 229 points of distribution, respectively† (Dunkin Donuts 2011 Annual Report 15). For the Baskin-Robbins brand, the company also plans to â€Å"focus on Japan, South Korea, and key markets in the Middle East† (â€Å"Dunkin Donuts 2011 Annual Report† 15). Specifically, Dunkin’ Brands Group, Inc. plans to use the franchise model to develop the store bases for both brands in these markets (â€Å"Dunkin Donuts 2011 Annual Report† 15) â€Å"During fiscal 2012, we expect our franchisees to open approximately 350 to 450 net new points of distribution internationally, principally in our existing markets† (â€Å"Dunkin Donuts 2011 Annual Report† 15) Conclusion According to Euromonitor International, the fast food market in Saudi Arabia is primed for ex pansion and a number of factors are anticipated to fuel robust and sustained growth for the fast food sector during the coming years. The country has a very large population of young people, and this demographic is anticipated to continue to embrace Western fast food brands with â€Å"increasing enthusiasm† (â€Å"Country Report: Fast Food in Saudi Arabia† par. 7). For robust fast food brands such as Dunkin Donuts, â€Å"frequent TV advertising support† is also likely to generate sales in Saudi Arabia(â€Å"Country Report: Fast Food in Saudi Arabia† par. 7). In addition, the increasingly popularity of using fast food restaurants for social purposes among Saudi Arabian youth and Saudi Arabian workers, as well as many families, will also contribute to the company’s strategic growth plan (â€Å"Country Report: Fast Food in Saudi Arabia† par. 7). As lifestyles become busier in Saudi Arabia and more people gain employment, growth will also be fac ilitates by the low cost of fast food and by its convenience (â€Å"Country Report: Fast Food in Saudi Arabia† par. 7). Works Cited Country Report: Fast Food in Saudi Arabia.  2011. Web. Dunkin Donuts 2011 Annual Report.  2012. Web. Dunkin Brands Celebrates the Opening of its 15,000th Store. 2009. Web. Dunkin Donuts. Web. Eser, Zeliha, Michael K. McCuddy, and Musa Pinar. â€Å"Exploring the Connection between Ethical Issues in Franchising Business Success and Franchisees’ Demographic Characteristics.† International Journal of Business Research 11.6 (2011): 101-131. Academic One File. Web. Fakkar, Galal. Big Jump in Number of Saudis Employed in Tourism Sector.  2010. Web. Labor Ministry Outlines Saudization Percentage. 2011. Web. Ovide, Shira. â€Å"Face Off! Dunkin Donuts vs. Starbucks.† Wall Street Journal 27 July 2011: n.p. Web. â€Å"Turning back the tide.† MEED Middle East Economic Digest 23 July 2004: 23-26. Academic One File. Web. This report on Dunkin Donuts in Saudi Arabia was written and submitted by user Derr1ck to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Annihilation of Caste Essay Example

Annihilation of Caste Essay Example Annihilation of Caste Essay Annihilation of Caste Essay THE ANNIHILATION OF CASTE Prologue [How this speech came to be composed- and not delivered] [1:] On December 12, 1935, I received the following letter from Mr. Sant Ram, the Secretary of the Jat Pat Todak Mandal: My dear Doctor Saheb, Many thanks for your kind letter of the 5th December. I have released it for press without your permission for which I beg your pardon, as I saw no harm in giving it publicity. You are a great thinker, and it is my well-considered opinion that none else has studied the problem of Caste so deeply as you have. I have always benefited myself and our Mandal from your ideas. I have explained and preached it in the Kranti many times and I have even lectured on it in many Conferences. I am now very anxious to read the exposition of your new formula- It is not possible to break Caste without annihilating the religious notions on which it, the Caste system, is founded. Please do explain it at length at your earliest convenience, so that we may take up the idea and emphasise it from press and platform. At present, it is not fully clear to me. ***** Our Executive Committee persists in having you as our President for our Annual Conference. We can change our dates to accommodate your convenience. Independent Harijans of Punjab are very much desirous to meet you and discuss with you their plans. So if you kindly accept our request and come to Lahore to preside over the Conference it will serve double purpose. We will invite Harijan leaders of all shades of opinion and you will get an opportunity of giving your ideas to them. The Mandal has deputed our Assistant Secretary, Mr. Indra Singh, to meet you at Bombay in Xmas and discuss with you the whole situation with a view to persuade you to please accept our request. ***** 2:] The Jat Pat Todak Mandal I was given to understand to be an organization of Caste Hindu Social Reformers, with the one and only aim, namely, to eradicate the Caste System from amongst the Hindus. As a rule, I do not like to take any part in a movement which is carried on by the Caste Hindus. Their attitude towards social reform is so different from mine that I have found it difficult to pull on wit h them. Indeed, I find their company quite uncongenial to me on account of our differences of opinion. Therefore when the Mandal first approached me, I declined their invitation to preside. The Mandal, however, would not take a refusal from me, and sent down one of its members to Bombay to press me to accept the invitation. In the end I agreed to preside. The Annual Conference was to be held at Lahore, the headquarters of the Mandal. The Conference was to meet at Easter, but was subsequently postponed to the middle of May 1936. [3:] The Reception Committee of the Mandal has now cancelled the Conference. The notice of cancellation came long after my Presidential address had been printed. The copies of this address are now lying with me. As I did not get an opportunity to deliver the address from the presidential chair, the public has not had an opportunity to know my views on the problems created by the Caste System. To let the public know them, and also to dispose of the printed copies which are lying on my hand, I have decided to put the printed copies of the address in the market. The accompanying pages contain the text of that address. [4:] The public will be curious to know what led to the cancellation of my appointment as the President of the Conference. At the start, a dispute arose over the printing of the address. I desired that the address should be printed in Bombay. The Mandal wished that it should be printed in Lahore, on the grounds of economy. I did not agree, and insisted upon having it printed in Bombay. Instead of their agreeing to my proposition, I received a letter signed by several members of the Mandal, from which I give the following extract: 27-3-36 Revered Dr. Ji, Your letter of the 24th instant addressed to Sjt. Sant Ram has been shown to us. We were a little disappointed to read it. Perhaps you are not fully aware of the situation that has arisen here. Almost all the Hindus in the Punjab are against your being invited to this province. The Jat-Pat-Todak Mandal has been subjected to the bitterest criticism and has received censorious rebuke from all quarters. All the Hindu leaders among whom being Bhai Parmanand, M. L. A. (Ex-President, Hindu Maha Sabha), Mahatma Hans Raj, Dr. Gokal Chand Narang, Minister for Local Self-Government, Raja Narendra Nath, M. L. C. etc. , have dissociated themselves from this step of the Mandal. Despite all this the runners of the Jat-Pat-Todak Mandal (the leading figure being Sjt. Sant Ram) are determined to wade through thick and thin but would not give up the idea of your presidentship. The Mandal has earned a bad name. ***** Under the circumstances it becomes your duty to co-operate with the Mandal. On the one hand, they are being put to so much trouble and hardship by the Hindus and if on the other hand you too augment their difficulties it will be a most sad coincidence of bad luck for them. We hope you will think over the matter and do what is good for us all. ***** [5:] This letter puzzled me greatly. I could not understand why the Mandal should displease me, for the sake of a few rupees, in the matter of printing the address. Secondly, I could not believe that men like Sir Gokal Chand Narang had really resigned as a protest against my selection as President, because I had received the following letter from Sir Gokal Chand himself: 5 Montgomery Road Lahore, 7-2-36 Dear Doctor Ambedkar, I am glad to learn from the workers of the Jat-Pat-Todak Mandal that you have agreed to preside at their next anniversary to be held at Lahore during the Easter holidays, it will give me much pleasure if you stay with me while you are at Lahore. More when we meet. Yours sincerely, G. C. Narang [6:] Whatever be the truth, I did not yield to this pressure. But even when the Mandal found that I was insisting upon having my address printed in Bombay, instead of agreeing to my proposal the Mandal sent me a wire that they were sending Mr. Har Bhagwan to Bombay to talk over matters personally. Mr. Har Bhagwan came to Bombay on the 9th of April. When I met Mr. Har Bhagwan, I found that he had nothing to say regarding the issue. Indeed he was so unconcerned regarding the printing of the address- whether it should be printed in Bombay or in Lahore- that he did not even mention it in the course of our conversation. [7:] All that he was anxious for was to know the contents of the address. I was then convinced that in getting the address printed in Lahore, the main object of the Mandal was not to save money but to get at the contents of the address. I gave him a copy. He did not feel very happy with some parts of it. He returned to Lahore. From Lahore, he wrote to me the following letter: Lahore April 14, 1936 My dear Doctor Sahib, Since my arrival from Bombay, on the 12th, I have been indisposed owing to my having not slept continuously for 5 or 6 nights, which were spent in the train. Reaching here I came to know that you had come to Amritsar. I would have seen you there if I were well enough to go about. I have made over your address to Mr. Sant Ram for translation and he has liked it very much, but he is not sure whether it could be translated by him for printing before the 25th. In any case, it woud have a wide publicity and we are sure it would wake the Hindus up from their slumber. The passage I pointed out to you at Bombay has been read by some of our friends with a little misgiving, and those of us who would like to see the Conference terminate without any untoward incident would prefer that at least the word Veda be left out for the time being. I leave this to your good sense. I hope, however, in your concluding paragraphs you will make it clear that the views expressed in the address are your own and that the responsibility does not lie on the Mandal. I hope you will not mind this statement of mine and would let us have 1,000 copies of the address, for which we shall, of course, pay. To this effect I have sent you a telegram today. A cheque of Rs. 100 is enclosed herewith which kindly acknowledge, and send us your bills in due time. I have called a meeting of the Reception Committee and shall communicate their decision to you immediately. In the meantime kindly accept my heartfelt thanks for the kindness shown to me and the great pains taken heartfelt thanks for the kindness shown to me and the great pains taken by you in the preparation of your address. You have really put us under a heavy debt of gratitude. Yours sincerely, Har Bhagwan P. S. - Kindly send the copies of the address by passenger train as soon as it is printed, so that copies may be sent to the Press for publication. [8:] Accordingly I handed over my manuscript to the printer with an order to print 1,000 copies. Eight days later, I received another letter from Mr. Har Bhagwan which I reproduce below: Lahore, 22-4-36 Dear Dr. Ambedkar, We are in receipt of your telegram and letter, for which kindly accept our thanks. In accordance with your desire, we have again postponed our Conference, but feel that it would have been much better to have it on the 25th and 26th, as the weather is growing warmer and warmer every day in the Punjab. In the middle of May it would be fairly hot, and the sittings in the day time would not be very pleasant and comfortable. However, we shall try our best to do all we can to make things as comfortable as possible, if it is held in the middle of May. There is, however, one thing that we have been compelled to bring to your kind attention. You will remember that when I pointed out to you the misgivings entertained by some of our people regarding your declaration on the subject of change of religion, you told me that it was undoubtedly outside the scope of the Mandal and that you had no intention to say anything from our platform in that connection. At the same ime when the manuscript of your address was handed to me you assured me that that was the main portion of your address and that there were only two or three concluding paragraphs that you wanted to add. On receipt of the second instalment of your address we have been taken by surprise, as that would make it so lengthy, that we are afraid, very few people would read the whole of it. Besides that you have more than once stated in your address that you had decided to walk out of the fold of the Hindus and that that was your last address as a Hindu. You have also unnecessarily attacked the morality and reasonableness of the Vedas and other religious books of the Hindus, and have at length dwelt upon the technical side of Hindu religion, which has absolutely no connection with the problem at issue, so much so that some of the passages have become irrelevant and off the point. We would have been very pleased if you had confined your address to that portion given to me, or if an addition was necessary, it would have been limited to what you had written on Brahminism etc. The last portion which deals with the complete annihilation of Hindu religion and doubts the morality of the sacred books of the Hindus as well as a hint about your intention to leave the Hindu fold does not seem to me to be relevant. I would therefore most humbly request you on behalf of the people responsible for the Conference to leave out the passages referred to above, and close the address with what was given to me or add a few paragraphs on Brahminism. We doubt the wisdom of making the address unnecessarily provocative and pinching. There are several of us who subscribe to your feelings and would very much want to be under your banner for remodelling of the Hindu religion. If you had decided to get together persons of your cult I can assure you a large number would have joined your army of reformers from the Punjab. In fact, we thought you would give us a lead in the destruction of the evil of caste system, especially when you have studied the subject so thoroughly, and strengthen our hands by bringing about a revolution and making yourself as a nucleus in the gigantic effort, but declaration of the nature made by you when repeated loses its power, and becomes a hackneyed term. Under the circumstances, I would request you to consider the whole matter and make our address more effective by saying that you would be glad to take a leading part in the destruction of the caste system if the Hindus are willing to work in right earnest toward that end, even if they had to forsake their kith and kin and the religious notions. In case you do so, I am sanguine that you would find a ready response from the Punjab in such an endeavour. I shall be grateful if you will help us at this juncture as we have already undergone much expenditure and have been put to suspense, and let us know by the return of post th at you have condescended to limit your address as above. In case, you still insist upon the printing of the address in toto, we very much regret it would not be possible- rather advisable for us to hold the Conference, and would prefer to postpone it sine die , a l t h o u g h b y d o i n g s o w e s h a l l b e l o s i n g t h e g o o d w i l l o f t h e people because of the repeated postponements. We should, however, like to point out that you have carved a niche in our hearts by writing such a wonderful treatise on the caste system, which excels all other treatises so far written and will prove to be a valuable heritage, so to say. We shall be ever indebted to you for the pains taken by you in its preparation. Thanking you very much for your kindness and with best wishes. I am, yours sincerely, Har Bhagwan [9:] To this letter I sent the following reply : 27th April 1936 Dear Mr. Har Bhagwan, I am in receipt of your letter of the 22nd April. I note with regret that the Reception Commitiee of the Jat-Pat-Todak Mandal would prefer t o p o s t p o n e t h e C o n f e r e n c e sine die i f I i n s i s t e d u p o n p r i n t i n g t h e a d d r e s s in toto. I n r e p l y I h a v e t o i n f o r m y o u t h a t I a l s o w o u l d p r e f e r a d d r e s s in toto. I n r e p l y I h a v e t o i n f o r m y o u t h a t I a l s o w o u l d p r e f e r to have the Conference cancelled- I do not like to use vague terms- if the Mandal insisted upon having my address pruned to suit its circumstances. You may not like my decision. But I cannot give up, for the sake of the honour of presiding over the Conference, the liberty which every President must have in the preparation of the address. I cannot give up, for the sake of pleasing the Mandal, the duty which every President owes to the Conference over which he presides, to give it a lead which he thinks right and proper. The issue is one of principle, and I feel I must do nothing to compromise it in any way. I would not have entered into any controversy as regards the propriety of the decision taken by the Reception Committee. But as you have given certain reasons which appear to throw the blame on me, I am bound to answer them. In the first place, I must dispel the notion that the views contained in that part of the address to which objection has been taken by the Committee have come to the Mandal as a surprise. Mr. Sant Ram, I am sure, will bear me out when I say that in reply to one of his letters I had said that the real method of breaking up the Caste System was not to bring about inter-caste dinners and inter-caste marriages but to destroy the religious notions on which Caste was founded, and that Mr. Sant Ram in return asked me to explain what he said was a novel point of view. It was in response to this invitation from Mr. Sant Ram that I thought I ought to elaborate in my address what I had stated in a sentence in my letter to him. You cannot, therefore, say that the views expressed are new. At any rate, they are not new to Mr. Sant Ram, who is the moving spirit and the leading light of your Mandal. But I go further and say that I wrote this part of my address not merely because I felt it desirable to do so. I wrote it because I thought that it was absolutely necessary to complete the argument. I am amazed to read that you characterize the portion of the speech to which your Committee objects as irrelevant and off the point. You will allow me to say that I am a lawyer and I know the rules of relevancy as well as any member of your Committee. I most emphatically maintain that the portion objected to is not only most relevant but is also important. It is in that part of the address that I have discussed the ways and means of breaking up the Caste System. It may be that the conclusion I have arrived at as to the best method of destroying Caste is startling and painful. You are entitled to say that my analysis is wrong. But you cannot say that in an address which deals with the problem of Caste it is not o pen to me to discuss how Caste can be destroyed. Your other complaint relates to the length of the address. I have pleaded guilty to the charge in the address itself. But who is really responsible for this? I fear you have come rather late on the scene. Otherwise you would have known that originally I had planned to write a short address, for my own convenience, as I had neither the time nor the energy to engage myself in the preparation of an elaborate thesis. It was the Mandal which asked me to deal with the subject exhaustively, and it was the Mandal which sent down to me a list of questions relating to the Caste System and asked me to answer them in the body of my address, as they were questions which were often raised in the controversy as they were questions which were often raised in the controversy between the Mandal and its opponents, and which the Mandal found difficult to answer satisfactorily. It was in trying to meet the wishes of the Mandal in this respect that the address has grown to the length to which it has. In view of what I have said, I am sure you will agree that the fault respecting the length of the address is not mine. I did not expect that your Mandal would be so upset because I have spoken of the destruction of Hindu Religion. I thought it was only fools who were afraid of words. But lest there should be any misapprehension in the minds of the people, I have taken great pains to explain what I mean by religion and destruction of religion. I am sure that nobody, on reading my address, could possibly misunderstand me. That your Mandal should have taken a fright at mere words as destruction of religion etc. notwithstanding the explanation that accompanies . them, does not raise the Mandal in my estimation. One cannot have any respect or regard for men who take the position of the Reformer and then refuse even to see the logical consequences of that position, let alone following them out in action. You will agree that I have never accepted to be limited in any way in the preparation of my address, and the question as to what the address should or should not contain was never even discussed between myself and the Mandal. I had always taken for granted that I was free to express in the address such views as I held on the subject. Indeed, until you came to Bombay on the 9th April, the Mandal did not know what sort of an address I was preparing. It was when you came to Bombay that I voluntarily told you that I had no desire to use your platform from which to advocate my views regarding change of religion by the Depressed Classes. I think I have scrupulously kept that promise in the preparation of the address. Beyond a passing reference of an indirect character where I say that I am sorry I will not be here. . . etc. I have said nothing about the subject in my address. When I see you object even to such a passing and so indirect a reference, I feel bound to ask, did you think that in agreeing to preside over your Conference I would be agreeing to suspend or to give up my views regarding change of faith by the Depressed Classes? If you did think so, I must tell you that I am in no way responsible for such a mistake on your part. If any of you had even hinted to me that in exchange for the honour you were doing me by electing as President, I was to abjure my faith in my programme of conversion, I would have told you in quite plain terms that I cared more for my faith than for any honour from you. After your letter of the 14th, this letter of yours comes as a surprize to me. I am sure that any one who reads them [both] will feel the same. I c a n n o t a c c o u n t f o r t h i s s u d d e n volte face o n t h e p a r t o f t h e R e c e p t i o n Committee. There is no difference in substance between the rough draft which was before the Committee when you wrote your letter of the 14th, and the final draft on which the decision of the Committee communicated to me in your letter under reply was taken. You cannot point out a single new idea in the final draft which is not contained in the earlier draft. The ideas are the same. The only difference is that they have been worked out in greater detail in the final draft. If there was anything to object to in the address, you could have said so on the 14th. But you did not. On the contrary, you asked me to print off 1,000 copies, leaving me the liberty to accept or not the verbal changes which you suggested. Accordingly I got 1,000 copies printed, which are now lying with me. Eight days later ou write to say that you object to the address and that if it is not amended the Conference will be cancelled. You ought to have known that there was no hope of any alteration being made in the address. I told you when you were in Bombay that I would not alter a comma, that I would not allow any censorship over my address, and that you would have to accept the address as it came from me. I also told you that the responsibility. for the views expres sed in the address was entirely mine, and if they were not liked by the Conference I would not mind at all if the Conference passed a resolution condemning them. So anxious was I to relieve your Mandal from having to assume responsibility for my views- and also with the object of not getting myself entangled by too intimate an association with your Conference- I suggested to you that I desired to have my address treated as a sort of an inaugural address and not as a Presidential address, and that the Mandal should find some one else to preside over the Conference and deal with the resolutions. Nobody could have been better placed to take a decision on the 14th than your Committee. The Committee failed to do that, and in the meantime cost of printing has been incurred which, I am sure, with a little more firmness on the part of your Committee, could have been saved. I feel sure that the views expressed in my address have little to do with the decision of your Committee. I have reason to believe that my presence at the Sikh Prachar Conference held at Amritsar has had a good deal to do with the decision of the Committee. Nothing else can satisfactorily explain the sudden volte face shown by the Committee between the 14th and the 22nd April. I must not however prolong this controversy, and must request you to announce immediately that the Session of the Conference which was to meet under my Presidentship is cancelled. All the grace [period] has by now run out, and I shall not consent to preside, even if your Committee agreed to accept my address as it is, in toto. I thank you for your appreciation of the pains I have taken in the preparation of the address. I certainly have profited by the labour, [even] if no one else does. My only regret is that I was put to such hard labour at a time when my health was not equal to the strain it has caused. Yours sincerely, B. R. Ambedkar [10:] This correspondence will disclose the reasons which have led to the cancellation by the Mandal of my appointment as President, and the reader will be in a position to lay the blame where it ought properly to belong. This is I believe the first time when the appointment of a President is cancelled by the Reception Committee because it does not approve of the views of the President. But whether that is so or not, this is certainly the first time in my life to have been invited to preside over a Conference of Caste Hindus. I am sorry that it has ended in a tragedy. But what can anyone expect from a relationship so tragic as the relationship between the reforming sect of Caste Hindus and the self respecting sect of relationship so tragic as the relationship between the reforming sect of Caste Hindus and the self respecting sect of Untouchables, where the former have no desire to alienate their orthodox fellows, and the latter have no alternative but to insist upon reform being carried out ? B. R. AMBEDKAR Rajgriha, Dadar, Bombay 14 5th May 1936 Preface to the Second Edition [1937] [1:] The speech prepared by me for the Jat Pat Todak Mandal of Lahore has had an astonishingly warm reception from the Hindu public for whom it was primarily intended. The English edition of one thousand five hundred copies was exhausted within two months of its publication. It is has been translated into Gujarati and Tamil. It is being translated into Marathi, Hindi, Punjabi and Malayalam. The demand for the English text still continues unabated. To satisfy this demand it has become necessary to issue a Second Edition. Considerations of history and effectiveness of appeal have led me to retain the original form of the essay- namely, the speech form- although I was asked to recast it in the form of a direct narrative. [2:] To this edition I have added two appendices. I have collected in Appendix I the two articles written by Mr. Gandhi by way of review of my speech in the Harijan , and his letter to Mr. Sant Ram, a member of the Jat Pat Todak Mandal. 3:] In Appendix II, I have printed my views in reply to the articles of Mr. Gandhi collected in Appendix I. Besides Mr. Gandhi, many others have adversely criticised my views as expressed in my speech. But I have felt that in taking notice of such adverse comments, I should limit myself to Mr. Gandhi. This I have done not because what he has said is so weighty as to deserve a reply, but because to many a Hindu he is an oracle, so great that when he opens his lips it is expected that the argument must close and no dog must bark. 4:] But the world owes much to rebels who would dare to argue in the face of the pontiff and insist that he is not infallible. I do not care about the credit which every progressive society must give to its rebels. I shall be satisfied if I make the Hindus realize that they are the sick men of India, and that their sickness is causing danger to the health and happiness of other Indians. B. R. AMBEDKAR Preface to the Third Edition [1944] [1:] The Second Edition of this Essay appeared in 1937, and was exhausted within a very short period. A new edition has been in demand for a long time. It was my intention to recast the essay so as to incorporate into it another essay of mine called Castes in India, their Origin and their Mechanism, which appeared in the issue of the Indian Antiquary Journal for May 1917. But as I could not find time, and as there is very little prospect of my being able to do so, and as the demand for it from the public is very insistent, I am content to let this be a mere reprint of the Second Edition. [2:] I am glad to find that this essay has become so popular, and I hope that it will serve the purpose for which it was intended. B. R. AMBEDKAR B. R. AMBEDKAR 22, Prithwiraj Road New Delhi 1st December 1944 1 [Introduction- why I am an unlikely President for this Conference] [1:] Friends, I am really sorry for the members of the Jat Pat Todak Mandal who have so very kindly invited me to preside over this Conference. I am sure they will be asked many questions for having selected me as the President. The Mandal will be asked to explain as to why it has imported a man from Bombay to preside over a function which is held in Lahore . I believe the Mandal could easily have found someone better qualified than myself to preside on the occasion. I have criticised the Hindus. I have questioned the authority of the Mahatma whom they revere. They hate me. To them I am a snake in their garden. The Mandal will no doubt be asked by the politically minded Hindus to explain why it has called me to fill this place of honour. It is an act of great daring. I shall not be surprized if some political Hindus regard it as an insult. This selection of me certainly cannot please the ordinary religiously minded Hindus. 2:] The Mandal may be asked to explain why it has disobeyed the Shastric injunction in selecting the President. According to the Shastras , the Brahmin is appointed to be the Guru for the three Varnas , , is a direction of the Shastras. The Mandal therefore knows from whom a Hindu should take his lessons and from whom he should not. The Shastras do not permit a Hindu to accept anyone as his Guru merely because he is w ell versed. This is made very clear by Ramdas , a Brahmin saint from Maharashtra , who is alleged to have inspired Shivaji to establish a Hindu Raj. In his Dasbodh, a socio politico- religious treatise in Marathi verse, Ramdas asks, addressing the Hindus, can we accept an Antyaja to be our Guru because he is a Pandit (i. e. learned) ? He gives an answer in the negative. [3:] What replies to give to these questions is a matter which I must leave to the Mandal. The Mandal knows best the reasons which led it to travel to Bombay to select a president, to fix upon a man so repugnant to the Hindus, and to descend so low in the scale as to select an Antyaja - an untouchable - to address an audience of the Savarnas. As for myself, you will allow me to say that I ave accepted the invitation much against my will, and also against the will of many of my fellow untouchables. I know that the Hindus are sick of me. I know that I am not a persona grata [=someone welcome] with them. Knowing all this, I have deliberately kept myself away from them. I have no desire to inflict myself upon them. I have been giving expression to my views from my o wn platform. This has already caused a great deal of heart- burning and irritation. [4:] I have no desire to ascend the platform of the Hindus, to do within their sight what I have been doing within their hearing. If I am here it is because of your choice and not because of my wish. Yours is a cause of social reform. That cause has always made an appeal to me, and it is because of this that I felt I ought not to refuse an opportunity of helping the cause- especially when you think that I can help it. Whether what I am going to say today will help you in any way to solve the problem you are grappling with, is for you to judge. All I hope to do is to place before you my views on the problem. 2 [Why social reform is necessary for political reform] 1:] The path of social reform, like the path to heaven (at any rate, in India), is strewn with many difficulties. Social reform in India has few friends and many critics. The critics fall into two distinct classes. One class consists of political reformers, and the other of the Socialists. [2:] It was at one time recognized that without social efficiency, no permanent progress in the other fields of activity was possible; that owing to mischief wrought by evil customs, Hindu Society was not in a state of efficiency; and that ceaseless efforts must be made to eradicate these evils. It was due to the recognition of this fact that the birth of the National Congress was accompanied by the foundation of the Social Conference. While the Congress was concerned with defining the weak points in the political organisation of the country, the Social Conference was engaged in removing the weak points in the social organisation of the Hindu Society. For some time the Congress and the Conference worked as two wings of one common activity, and they held their annual sessions in the same pandal . 3:] But soon the two wings developed into two parties, a political reform party and a social reform party, between whom there raged a fierce controversy. The political reform party supported the National Congress, and the social reform party supported the Social Conference. The two bodies thus became two hostile camps. The point at issue was whether social reform should precede political reform. For a decade the forces were evenly balanced, and the battle was fought without victory t o either side. 4:] It was, however, evident that the fortunes of the Social Conference were ebbing fast. The gentlemen who presided over the sessions of the Social Conference lamented that the majority of the educated Hindus were for political advancement and indifferent to social reform; and that while the number of those who attended the Congress was very large, and the number who did not attend but who sympathized with it was even larger, the number of those who attended the Social Conference was very much smaller. 5:] This indifference, this thinning of its ranks, was soon followed by active hostility from the politicians. Under the leadership of the late Mr. Tilak , the courtesy with which the Congress allowed the Social Conference the use of its pandal was withdrawn, and the spirit of enmity went to such a pitch that when the Social Conference desired to erect its own pandal, a threat to burn the pandal was held out by its opponents. Thus in the course of time the party in fav our of political reform won, and the Social Conference vanished and was forgotten. [6:] The speech delivered by Mr. W. C. Bonnerji in 1892 at Allahabad, as President of the eighth session of the Congress, sounds like a funeral oration on the death of the Social Conference, and is so typical of the Congress attitude that I venture to quote from it the following extract. Mr. Bonnerji said: I for one have no patience with those who say we shall not be fit for political reform until we reform our social system. I fail to see any connection between the two. . . Are we not fit (for political reform) because our widows remain unmarried and our girls are given in marriage earlier than in other countries? ecause our wives and daughters do not drive about with us visiting our friends? because we do not send our daughters to Oxford and Cambridge? (Cheers [from the audience]) [7:] I have stated the case for political reform as put by Mr. Bonnerji. There were many who were happy that the victory went to the Congress. But those who believe in the importance of social reform may ask, is an argument such as that of Mr. Bonnerji final? Does it prove that the victory went to those who were in the right? Does it prove conclusively that social reform has no bearing on political reform ? It will help us to understand the matter if I state the other side of the case. I will draw upon the treatment of the untouchables for my facts. [8:] Under the rule of the Peshwas in the Maratha country, the untouchable was not allowed to use the public streets if a Hindu was coming along, lest he should pollute the Hindu by his shadow. The untouchable was required to have a black thread either on his wrist or around his neck, as a sign or a mark to prevent the Hindus from getting themselves polluted by his touch by mistake. In Poona, the capital of the Peshwa, the untouchable was required to carry, strung from his waist, a broom to sweep away from behind himself the dust he trod on, lest a Hindu walking on the same dust should be polluted. In Poona , the untouchable was required to carry an earthen pot hung around his neck wherever he went- for holding his spit, lest his spit falling on the earth should pollute a Hindu who might unknowingly happen to tread on it. [9:] Let me take more recent facts. The tyranny practised by the Hindus upon the Balais, an untouchable community in Central India, will serve my purpose. You will find a report of this in the Times of India of 4th January 1928. The correspondent of the Times of India reported that high caste Hindus- viz. , Kalotas, Rajputs and Brahmins , including the Patels and Patwaris of the villages of Kanaria, Bicholi Hafsi, Bicholi Mardana, and about 15 other villages in the Indore district (of the Indore State )- informed the Balais of their respective villages that if they wished to live among them, they must conform to the following rules: 1 . Balais must not wear gold- lace- bordered pugrees . 2. They must not wear dhotis with coloured or fancy borders. 3 . They must convey intimation [=information] of the death of any Hindu to relatives of the deceased- no matter how far away these relatives may be living. 4. 5. 6. 7. In all Hindu marriages, Balais must play music before the processions and during the marriage. Balai women must not wear gold or silver ornaments; they must not wear fancy gowns or jackets. Balai women must attend all cases of confinement [= childbirth] of Hindu women. Balais must render services without demanding remuneration, and must accept whatever a Hindu is pleased to ive. 8 . If the Balais do not agree to abide by these terms, they must clear out of the villages. [10:] The Balais refused to comply; and the Hindu element proceeded against them. Balais were not allowed to get water from the village wells; they were not allowed to let go their cattle to graze. Balais were prohibited from passing through land owned by a Hindu, so that if the field of a Balai was surrounded by fields owned by Hindus, the Balai could have no access to his own field. The Hindus also let their cattle graze down the fields of Balais. The Balais submitted petitions to the Darbar[= Court of Indore] against these persecutions; but as they could get no timely relief, and the oppression continued, hundreds of Balais with their wives and children were obliged to abandon their homes- in which their ancestors had lived for generations- and to migrate to adjoining States: that is, to villages in Dhar , Dewas , Bagli , Bhopal , Gwalior and other States. What happened to them in their new homes may for the present be left out of our consideration. [11:] The incident at Kavitha in Gujarat happened only last year. The Hindus of Kavitha ordered the untouchables not to insist upon sending their children to the common village school maintained by Government. What sufferings the untouchables of Kavitha had to undergo, for daring to exercise a civic right against the wishes of the Hindus, is too well known to need detailed description. Another instance occurred in the village of Zanu, in the Ahmedabad district of Gujarat . In November 1935 some untouchable women of well to do families started fetching water in metal pots. The Hindus looked upon the use of metal pots by untouchables as an affront to their dignity, and assaulted the untouchable women for their impudence. [12:] A most recent event is reported from the village of Chakwara in Jaipur State . It seems from the reports that have appeared in the newspapers that an untouchable of Chakwara who had returned from a pilgrimage had arranged to give a dinner to his fellow untouchables of the village, as an act of religious piety. The host desired to treat the guests to a sumptuous meal, and the items served included ghee (butter) also. But while the assembly of untouchables was engaged in partaking of the food, the Hindus in their hundreds, armed with lathis , rushed to the scene, despoiled the food, and belaboured the untouchables- who left the food they had been served with and ran away for their lives. And why was this murderous assault committed on defenceless untouchables ? The reason given is that the untouchable host was impudent enough to serve ghee, and his untouchable guests were foolish enough to taste it. Ghee is undoubtedly a luxury for the rich. But no one would think that consumption of ghee was a mark of high social status. The Hindus of Chakwara thought otherwise, and in righteous indignation avenged themselves for the wrong done to them by the untouchables, who insulted them by treating ghee as an item of their food- which they ought to have known could not be theirs, consistently with the dignity of the Hindus. This means that an untouchable must not use ghee, even if he can afford to buy it, since it is an act of arrogance towards the Hindus. This happened on or about the 1st of April 1936! 13:] Having stated the facts, let me now state the case for social reform. In doing this, I will follow Mr. Bonnerji as nearly as I can, and ask the political- minded Hindus, Are you fit for political power even though you do not allow a large class of your own countrymen like the untouchables to use public schools ? Are you fit for political power even though class of your own countrymen like the untouchables to use public schools ? Are you fit for political power even though you do not allow them the use of public wells? Are you fit for political power even though you do not allow them the use of public streets ? Are you fit for political power even though you do not allow them to wear what apparel or ornaments they like ? Are you fit for political power even though you do not allow them to eat any food they like ? I can ask a string of such questions. But these will suffice. [14:] I wonder what would have been the reply of Mr. Bonnerji. I am sure no sensible man will have the courage to give an affirmative answer. Every Congressman who repeats the dogma of Mill that one country is not fit to rule another country, must admit that one class is not fit to rule another class. How is it then that the social reform party lost the battle ? To understand this correctly it is necessary to take note of the kind of social reform which the reformers were agitating for. In this connection it is necessary to make a distinction between social reform in the sense of the reform of the Hindu family, and social reform in the sense of the reorganization and reconstruction of the Hindu Society. The former has a relation to widow remarriage, child marriage, etc. , while the latter relates to the abolition of the Caste System . [15:] The Social Conference was a body which mainly concerned itself with the reform of the high caste Hindu family. It consisted mostly of enlightened high caste Hindus who did not feel the necessity for agitating for the abolition of Caste, or had not the courage to agitate for it. They felt quite naturally a greater urge to remove such evils as enforced widowhood, child marriages, etc. evils which prevailed among them and which were personally felt by them. They did not stand up for the reform of the Hindu Society. The battle that was fought centered round the question of the reform of the family. It did not relate to social reform in the sense of the break- up of the Caste System . It [=the break- up of the Caste System] was never put in issue by the reformers. That is the reason why the Social Reform Party lost. [16:] I am aware that this argume nt cannot alter the fact that political reform did in fact gain precedence over social reform. But the argument has this much value (if not more): it explains why social reformers lost the battle. It also helps us to understand how limited was the victory which the political reform party obtained over the social reform party, and to understand that the view that social reform need not precede political reform is a view which may stand only when by social reform is meant the reform of the family. That political reform cannot with impunity take precedence over social reform in the sense of the reconstruction of society, is a thesis which I am sure cannot be controverted. 17:] That the makers of political constitutions must take account of social forces is a fact which is recognized by no less a person than Ferdinand Lassalle, the friend and co- worker of Karl Marx. In addressing a Prussian audience in 1862, Lassalle said: The constitutional questions are in the first instance not questions of right but questions of might. The actual constitution of a country has its existence on ly in the actual condition of force which exists in the country: hence political constitutions have value and permanence only when they accurately express those conditions of forces which exist in practice within a society. 18:] But it is not necessary to go to Prussia. There is evidence at home. What is the significance of the Communal Award, with its allocation of political power in defined proportions to diverse classes and communities ? In my view, its significance lies in this: that political constitution must take note of social organisation. It shows that the politicians who denied that the social problem in India had any bearing on the political problem were forced to reckon with the social problem in devising the Constitution. The Communal Award is, so to say, the nemesis following upon the indifference to and neglect of social reform. It is a victory for the Social Reform Party which shows that, though defeated, they were in the right in insisting upon the importance of social reform. Many, I know, will not accept this finding. The view is current- and it is pleasant to believe in it- that the Communal Award is unnatural and that it is the result of an unholy alliance between the minorities and the bureaucracy. I do not wish to rely on the Communal Award as a piece of evidence to support my contention, if it is said that it is not good evidence. 19:] Let us turn to Ireland. What does the history of Irish Home Rule show ? It is well known that in the course of the negotiations between the representatives of Ulster and Southern Ireland, Mr. Redmond, the representative of Southern Ireland, in order to bring Ulster into a Home Rule Constitution common to the whole of Ireland, said to the Ireland, in order t o bring Ulster into a Home Rule Constitution common to the whole of Ireland, said to the representatives of Ulster: Ask any political safeguards you like and you shall have them. What was the reply that Ulstermen gave? Their reply was, Damn your safeguards, we dont want to be ruled by you on any terms. People who blame the minorities in India ought to consider what would have happened to the political aspirations of the majority, if the minorities had taken the attitude which Ulster took. Judged by the attitude of Ulster to Irish Home Rule, is it nothing that the minorities agreed to be ruled by the majority (which has not shown much sense of statesmanship), provided some safeguards were devised for them ? But this is only incidental. The main question is, why did Ulster take this attitude ? The only answer I can give is that there was a social problem between Ulster and Southern Ireland: the problem between Catholics and Protestants, which is essentially a problem of Caste. That Home Rule in Ireland would be Rome Rule was the way in which the Ulstermen had framed their answer. But that is only another way of stating that it was the social problem of Caste between the Catholics and Protestants which prevented the solution of the political problem. This evidence again is sure to be challenged. It will be urged that here too the hand of the Imperialist was at work. [20:] But my resources are not exhausted. I will give evidence from the History of Rome. Here no one can say that any evil genius was at work. Anyone who has studied the History of Rome will know that the Republican Constitution of Rome bore marks having strong resemblance to the Communal Award. When the kingship in Rome was abolished, the kingly power (or the Imperium) was divided between the Consuls and the Pontifex Maximus. In the Consuls was vested the secular authority of the King, while the latter took over the religious authority of the King. This Republican Constitution had provided that of the two Consuls, one was to be Patrician and the other Plebian. The same Constitution had also provided that of the Priests under the Pontifex Maximus, half were to be Plebians and the other half Patricians. Why is it that the Republican Constitution of Rome had these provisions- which, as I said, resemble so strongly the provisions of the Communal Award? The only answer one can get is that the Constitution of Republican Rome had to take account of the social division between the Patricians and the Plebians, who formed two distinct castes. To sum up, let political reformers turn in any direction they like: they will find that in the making of a constitution, they cannot ignore the problem arising out of the prevailing social order. [21:] The illustrations which I have taken in support of the proposition that social and religious problems have a bearing on political constitutions seem to be too particular. Perhaps they are. But it should not be supposed that the bearing of the one on the other is limited. On the other hand, one can say that generally speaking, History bears out the proposition that political revolutions have always been preceded by social and religious revolutions. The religious Reformation started by Luther was the precursor of the political emancipation of the European people. In England, Puritanism led to the establishment of political liberty. Puritanism founded the new world. It was Puritanism that won the war of American Independence, and Puritanism was a religious movement. 22:] The same is true of the Muslim Empire . Before the Arabs became a political power, they had undergone a thorough religious revolution started by the Prophet Mohammad. Even Indian History supports the same conclusion. The political revolution led by Chandragupta was preceded by the religious and social revolution of Buddha . The political revolution led by Shivaji was preceded by the religious and social r eform brought about by the saints of Maharashtra . The political revolution of the Sikhs was preceded by the religious and social revolution led by Guru Nanak . It is unnecessary to add more illustrations. These will suffice to show that the emancipation of the mind and the soul is a necessary preliminary for the political expansion of the people. 3 [Why social reform is necessary for economic reform] [1:] Let me now turn to the Socialists. Can the Socialists ignore the problem arising out of the social order? The Socialists of India, following their fellows in Europe, are seeking to apply the economic interpretation of history to the facts of India. They propound that man is an economic creature, that his activities and aspirations are bound by economic facts, that property is the only source of power. They therefore preach that political and social reforms are but gigantic illusions, and that economic reform by equalization of property must have precedence over every other kind of reform. One may take issue with every one of these premises- on which rests the Socialists case for economic reform as having priority over ssue with every one of these premises- on which rests the Socialists case for economic reform as having priority over every other kind of reform. One may contend that the economic motive is not the only motive by which man is actuated [=motivated]. That economic power is the only kind of power, no student of human society can accept. [2:] That the social status of an individual by itself often becomes a source of power and authority, is made clear by the sway which the Mahatmas have held over the common man. Why d o millionaires in India obey penniless Sadhus and Fakirs ? Why do millions of paupers in India sell their trifling trinkets which constitute their only wealth, and go to Benares and Mecca ? That religion is the source of power is illustrated by the history of India, where the priest holds a sway over the common man often greater than that of the magistrate, and where everything, even such things as strikes and elections, so easily takes a religious turn and can so easily be given a religious twist. [3:] Take the case of the Plebians of Rome, as a further illustration of the power of religion over man. It throws great light on this point. The Plebians had fought for a share in the supreme executive under the Roman Republic, and had secured the appointment of a Plebian Consul elected by a separate electorate constituted by the Commitia Centuriata, which was an assembly of Plebians. They wanted a Consul of their own because they felt that the Patrician Consuls used to discriminate against the Plebians in carrying on the administration. They had apparently obtained a great gain, because under the Republican Constitution of Rome one Consul had the power of vetoing an act of the other Consul. [4:] But did they in fact gain anything? The answer to this question must be in the negative. The Plebians never could get a Plebian Consul who could be said to be a strong man, and who could act independently of the Patrician Consul. In the ordinary course of things the Plebians should have got a strong Plebian Consul, in view of the fact that his election was to be by a separate electorate of Plebians. The question is, why did they fail in getting a strong Plebian to officiate as their Consul? [5:] The answer to this question reveals the dominion which religion exercises over the minds of men. It was an accepted creed of the whole Roman populus [=people] that no official could enter upon the duties of his office unless the Oracle of Delphi declared that he was acceptable to the Goddess. The priests who were in charge of the temple of the Goddess of Delphi were all Patricians. Whenever therefore the Plebians elected a Consul who was known to be a strong party man and opposed to the Patricians- or communal, to use the term that is current in India- the Oracle invariably declared that he was not acceptable to the Goddess. This is how the Plebians were cheated out of their rights. 6:] But what is worthy of note is that the Plebians permitted themselves to be thus cheated because they too, like the Patricians, held firmly the belief that the approval of the Goddess was a condition precedent to the taking charge by an official of his duties, and that election by the people was not enough. If the Plebians had contended that election was enough and that the approval by the Goddess was not necessary, they would have derived the fullest benefit from the political right which they had obtained. But they did not. They agreed to elect another, less suitable to themselves but more suitable to the Goddess- which in fact meant more amenable to the Patricians. Rather than give up religion, the Plebians give up the material gain for which they had fought so hard. Does this not show that religion can be a source of power as great as money, if not greater? [7:] The fallacy of the Socialists lies in supposing that because in the present stage of European Society property as a source of power is predominant, that the same is true of India, or that the same was true of Europe in the past. Religion, social status, and property are all sources of ower and authority, which one man has, to control the liberty of another. One is predominant at one stage; the other is predominant at another stage. That is the only difference. If liberty is the ideal, if liberty means the destruction of the dominion which one man holds over another, then obviously it cannot be insisted upon that economic reform must be the one kind of reform worthy of pursuit. If the source of power and dominion is, at any given time or in any given society, social and religious, then social reform and religious reform must be accepted as the necessary sort of reform. 8:] One can thus attack the doctrine of the Economic Interpretation of History adopted by the Socialists of India. But I recognize that the economic interpretation of history is not necessary for the validity of the Socialist contention that equalization of property is the only real reform and that it must precede everything else. However, what I would like to ask the Socialists is this: Can you have economic reform without first bringing about a reform of the social order? The Socialists of India do not seem to have considered this question. I do not wish to do them an injustice. I give below a Socialists of India do not seem to have considered this question. I do not wish to do them an injustice. I give below a quotation from a letter which a prominent Socialist wrote a few days ago to a friend of mine, in which he said, I do not believe that we can build up a free society in India so long as there is a trace of this ill treatment and suppression of one class by another. Believing as I do in a socialist ideal, inevitably I believe in perfect equality in the treatment of various classes and groups. I think that Socialism offers the only true remedy for this as well as other problems. [9:] Now the question that I would like to ask is: Is it enough for a Socialist to say, I believe in perfect equality in the treatment of the various classes ? To say that such a belief is enough is to disclose a complete lack of understanding of what is involved in Socialism. If Socialism is a practical programme and is not merely an ideal, distant and far off, the question for a Socialist i s not whether he believes in equality. The question for him is whether he minds one class ill treating and suppressing another class as a matter of system, as a matter of rinciple- and thus allowing tyranny and oppression to continue to divide one class from another. [10:] Let me analyse the factors that are involved in the realization of Socialism, in order to explain fully my point. Now it is obvious that the economic reform contemplated by the Socialists cannot come about unless there is a revolution resulting in the seizure of power. That seizure of power must be by a proletariat. The first question I ask is: Will the proletariat of India combine to bring about this revolution? What will move men to such an action? It seems to me that, other things being equal, the only thing that will move one man to take such an action is the feeling that other men with whom he is acting are actuated by a feeling of equality and fraternity and- above all- of justice. Men will not join in a revolution for the equalization of property unless they know that after the revolution is achieved they will be treated equally, and that there will be no discrimination of caste and creed. [11:] The assurance of a Socialist leading the revolution that he does not believe in Caste, I am sure will not suffice. The assurance must be the assurance proceeding from a much deeper foundation- namely, the mental attitude of the compatriots towards one another in their spirit of personal equality and fraternity. Can it be said that the proletariat of India, poor as it is, recognises no distinctions except that of the rich and the poor? Can it be said that the poor in India recognize no such distinctions of caste or creed, high or low? If the fact is that they do, what unity of front can be expected from such a proletariat in its action against the rich? How can there be a revolution if the proletariat cannot present a united front ? [12:] Suppose for the sake of argument that by some freak of fortune a revolution does take place and the Socialists come into power; will they not have to deal with the problems created by the particular social order prevalent in India ? I cant see how a Socialist State in India can function for a second without having to grapple with the problems created by the prejudices which make Indian people observe the distinctions of high and low, clean and unclean. If Socialists are not to be content with the mouthing of fine phrases, if the Socialists wish to make Socialism a definite reality, then they must recognize that the problem of social reform is fundamental, and that for them there is no escape from it. [13:] That the social order prevalent in India is a matter which a Socialist must deal with; that unless he does so he cannot achieve his revolution; and that if he does achieve it as a result of good fortune, he will have to grapple with the social order if he wishes to realize his ideal- is a proposition which in my opinion is incontrovertible. He will be compelled to take account of Caste after the revolution, if he does not take account of it before the revolution. This is only another way of saying that, turn in any direction you like, Caste is the monster that crosses your path. You cannot have political reform, you cannot have economic reform, unless you kill this monster. 4 [Caste is not just a division of labour, it is a division of labourers] [1:] It is a pity that Caste even today has its defenders. The defences are many. It is defended on the ground that the Caste System is but another name for division of labour; and if division of labour is a necessary feature of every civilized society, then it is argued that there is nothing wrong in the Caste System. Now the first thing that is to be urged against this view is that the Caste System is not merely a division of labour. It is also a division of labourers . Civilized society undoubtedly needs division of labour. But in no civilized society is division of labour accompanied by this unnatural undoubtedly needs division of labour. But in no civilized society is division of labour accompanied by this unnatural division of labourers into watertight compartments. The Caste System is not merely a division of labourers which is quite different from division of labour- it is a hierarchy in which the divisions of labourers are graded one above the other. In no other country is the division of labour accompanied by this gradation of labourers. [2:] There is also a third point of criticism against this view of the Caste System . This division of labour is not spontaneous, it is not based on natural aptitudes. Social and individual efficiency requires us to develop the capacity of an individual to the point of competency to choose and to make his own career. This principle is violated in the Caste System, in so far as it involves an attempt to appoint tasks to individuals in advance- selected not on the basis of trained original capacities, but on that of the social status of the parents. [3:]